A longitudinal study of children with a family history of strabismus: factors determining the incidence of strabismus.

Aurell, E.; Norrsell, Kerstin

doi:10.1136/bjo.74.10.589

Cited by 69 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This variability makes it hard to determine limits for abnormal refraction during childhood. Aurell and Norrsell (1990) found that those children that start to squint are hyperopic (Ø3.0 D) at the start of squinting and they have been hyperopic since infancy. These children will stay hyperopic, at least, until 4 years of age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Second, the treatment and follow-up of cases with permanent strabismus may decrease the development of amblyopia in these patients. In a longitudinal study of children with a family history of strabismus Aurell and Norrsell (1990) found that in spite of treatment one of six children with strabismus became severely amblyopic. Still, early treatment demands early detection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been noted that in an unselected population the risk of developing squint is approximately 4 times higher if either the siblings or the parents have strabismus (Aurell & Norrsell 1990;Ingram 1979). Parental knowledge of the presence of strabismus in the family should then be a possible indicator for selecting children with an increased risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inheritance of strabismus and the gain of using heredity to determine populations at risk of developing strabismus

Abrahamsson¹,

Magnusson²,

Sjöstrand³

1999

Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica

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ABSTRACT.Purpose: In the Nordic countries 2 to 4% of the population squint or have been squinting. Since strabismus is one of the major causes of amblyopia early detection and treatment is important for preventing this development. For centuries it has been recognized that strabismus is hereditary. Identifying individuals with a family history of squinting could give access to a risk population for a selective screening. Methods and results: 1571 children were selected for this study. All children that took part in a voluntary eye examination at one year of age (born 1978-1983) in the city of Västerås, Sweden and that had a family history of strabismus were selected together with controls. The study was a 6-year follow-up from 1 to 7 years of age. Parental knowledge of squint among relatives and measured high hyperopia (±3.0 D) present at 1 year of age were each and in combination evaluated as a risk indicator for development of strabismus between 1 to 7 years of age. Conclusion:The study indicates that a family history of squint in combination with measured high hyperopia can be used in a selective screening to identify a population with an increased risk of 4 to 6 times for developing strabismus. Among the children with parental knowledge of squint among several relatives of both the parents, those with high hyperopia developed strabismus in almost every second case while this was the case in only approximately 10% of those with low hyperopia. Finally, heredity is an important risk indicator that can be used for selective screening purpose. Its potential as a risk indicator is substantially increased when combined with a high hyperopia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inheritance of strabismus and the gain of using heredity to determine populations at risk of developing strabismus

Abrahamsson¹,

Magnusson²,

Sjöstrand³

1999

Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica

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“…[35][36][37][38] However, studies linking refractive error (eg astigmatism, spherical error and anisometropia) with strabismus and amblyopia show that because of refractive changes during childhood, more than one measurement is required to determine a child's risk of developing amblyopia or strabismus. 35,37 This is due to the process of emmetropisation which is largely complete by the age of 2 years but may continue until 4 years of age. 35,36 The management of a child, with what is considered to be a borderline error under the age of 4, is controversial due to uncertainty over the significance of these findings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…35,37 This is due to the process of emmetropisation which is largely complete by the age of 2 years but may continue until 4 years of age. 35,36 The management of a child, with what is considered to be a borderline error under the age of 4, is controversial due to uncertainty over the significance of these findings. Relative risks have been assigned to certain refractive errors, however in terms of screening, hypermetropia in the order of 3.5 spherical dioptres or 2 dioptres in one meridian, are both risk factors for amblyopia.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The assessment and management of strabismus and amblyopia: a national audit

Wickham

Stewart

Charnock

et al. 2002

Eye

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Aims To determine what systems are in place within ophthalmic services for the assessment and management of children suspected of having amblyopia and strabismus. To find out what methods are used for the assessment of these children. Methods A questionnaire-based study auditing 288 orthoptic departments in the UK. Results Responses were received from 75% orthoptic departments. Most hospitals employ more than one system for the assessment of strabismus and amblyopia, which is generally dependent on route of referral. These include 'orthoptic assessment without refraction' (66%), 'combined orthoptist and ophthalmologist assessment' (66%), while 22% have an entirely orthoptist/optometric system.Ophthalmologists are involved in the initial assessment in 145 units (67%), whereas some units involve an ophthalmologist only if response to treatment is poor (15%), or if surgery is required (6%).Fourteen per cent of units reviewed all children, with discharge criteria being based on normal visual acuity (52%), accurate visual acuity (39%) and a normal orthoptic assessment (42%). Seventy-six per cent of units review some children, commonly as a result of family history (55%), parental concern (43%), poor co-operation (30%) and young age (72%). In the absence of squint or amblyopia children are discharged at the first visit, in only 8% of units.There is considerable variation in the tests used to assess visual acuity. LogMAR-based tests (eg EDTRS) are not routinely used in 75% of units. Conclusion Different systems exist for the assessment and management of squint and amblyopia across the country. While much of this variation is to be expected given their possible aetiologies, some could be reduced to produce a more cohesive service. There is also considerable scope for rationalising the tests used to screen infants and children for amblyopia and strabismus.

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Strabismus in Children of Birth Weight Less Than 1701 g

O’Connor¹

2002

Arch Ophthalmol

108

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Objective: To prospectively study infants of birth weight less than 1701 g in the East Midlands of England in the mid 1980s at 10 to 12 years of age to determine the incidence and risk factors for strabismus in children born preterm. Methods: Low-birth-weight children (n=572) who had been examined during the neonatal period were invited for a follow-up visit at age 10 to 12 years; 169 elevenyear-old schoolchildren born at full term were also recruited (the school cohort). Results: Of the original 572 children, 293 consented to further examination. There was no significant difference between children who were examined and those who were not in terms of birth weight, gestational age, retinopathy of prematurity, and cranial ultrasound abnormalities. Compared with the school cohort (n=5 [3.0%]; 95% confidence interval, 1.0%-9.1%), the low-birthweight cohort had a significant increase in the prevalence of strabismus (n=59 [20.1%]; 95% confidence interval, 15.9%-25.0%; PϽ.001). Compared with published data, there was a relative increase in the occurrence of exotropia in the low-birth-weight study cohort. Multivariate analysis, by backward logistic regression, indicated that retinopathy of prematurity, birth weight, cerebral palsy, anisometropia, and refractive error were all independently associated with strabismus (PϽ.05). Conclusions: The results of this study confirm the increased prevalence of strabismus in a low-birth-weight population. This study also provides more detailed information on risk factors and strabismus types.

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A longitudinal study of children with a family history of strabismus: factors determining the incidence of strabismus.

Cited by 69 publications

References 14 publications

Inheritance of strabismus and the gain of using heredity to determine populations at risk of developing strabismus

Inheritance of strabismus and the gain of using heredity to determine populations at risk of developing strabismus

The assessment and management of strabismus and amblyopia: a national audit

Strabismus in Children of Birth Weight Less Than 1701 g

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