“…In the Public Administration (PA) literature, these laws are usually regarded as the passive form of transparency, which relates to the disclosure of information on a constrained basis, following the submission of a request by organizations or individuals (Grimmelikhuijsen et al, 2019). In certain cases, administrations are also required by law to disclose specific items on the web (Pernagallo & Torrisi, 2020). In contrast, in the active form, governments release information voluntarily to the population, market their services, or engage with citizens in decision-making (Chun & Cho, 2012).…”