A load‐balancing and coding‐aware multicast protocol for mobile ad hoc networks

The growth of the networks has difficult network management. Recently, a concept called software-defined network (SDN) has been proposed to address this issue, which makes network management more adaptable. Control and forwarding planes are separated in SDN. The control plane is a centralized logical controller that controls the network. The forwarding plane that consists of transfer devices is responsible for transmitting packets. Because the network resources are limited, optimizing the use of resources in the networks is an important issue. Load balancing improves the balanced distribution of loads across multiple resources in order to maximize the reliability and network resources efficiency. SDN controllers can create an optimal load balancing compared to traditional networks because they have a network global view. The load-balancing problem can be solved using many different natureinspired meta-heuristic techniques because it has the NP-complete nature.Hence, for solving load balancing problem in SDN, nature-inspired metaheuristic techniques are important methods. However, to the best of our knowledge, there is not a survey or systematic review on studying these matters. Accordingly, in the area of the load balancing in the SDN, this paper reviews systematically the nature-inspired meta-heuristic techniques. Also, this study demonstrates advantages and disadvantages regarded of the chosen nature-inspired meta-heuristic techniques and considers their algorithms metrics. Moreover, to apply better load balancing techniques in the future, the important challenges of these techniques have been investigated.

Section: Open Issuementioning

confidence: 99%

Nature‐inspired meta‐heuristic algorithms for solving the load balancing problem in the software‐defined network

Neghabi

Navimipour

Hosseinzadeh

et al. 2019

“…Rong Geng et al in [11] observed that most of the multicast routing protocols have not exhibited the load balancing property, which leads to network congestion. Hence, performance of the multicast routing protocol decreases.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has provided a multipath routing protocol where a source node discovers multiple paths for sending the packets to the destination node, whereas the existing algorithms [15][16][17][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] find only a single path from source to destination node. It distributes the load among multiple paths periodically, whereas most of the existing works such as [5][6][7][9][10][11] use the alternate paths only when the existing path breaks. In order to distribute the load on the multiple paths, it uses the minimum queue length along a path and round-trip time for route discovery procedure as key parameters, whereas FMLB routing protocol uses the Fibonacci numbers and hop count for distributing the load on multiple paths [30,31].…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If more traffic is passing through a node, then its interface queue usually has more packets. QMLB routing algorithm computes average queue length, at every t seconds, by using the formula (11) q length Dˇ q length old C .1 ˇ/ q length current (11) Where q length represents the average queue length, q length old shows the old queue length, q length current is the current queue length, andˇ2 OE0; 1 is a constant.…”

Section: Queuing Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It distributes the load among multiple paths periodically, whereas most of the existing works such as [5][6][7][9][10][11] use the alternate paths only when the existing path breaks. In order to distribute the load on the multiple paths, it uses the minimum queue length along a path and round-trip time for route discovery procedure as key parameters, whereas FMLB routing protocol uses the Fibonacci numbers and hop count for distributing the load on multiple paths [30,31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Queue‐based multiple path load balancing routing protocol for MANETs

Naseem

Kumar

2016

SUMMARYCongestion in the network is the main cause for packet drop and increased end-to-end transmission delay of packet between source and destination nodes. Congestion occurs because of the simultaneous contention for network resources. It is very important to efficiently utilize the available resources so that a load can be distributed efficiently throughout the network. Otherwise, the resources of heavily loaded nodes may be depleted very soon, which ultimately affects network performances. In this paper, we have proposed a new routing protocol named queue-based multiple path load balancing routing protocol. This protocol discovers several node-disjoint paths from source to destination nodes. It also finds minimum queue length with respect to individual paths, sorts the node-disjoint paths based on queue length, and distributes the packets through these paths based on the minimum queue length. Simulation results show that the proposed routing protocol distributes the load efficiently and achieves better network performances in terms of packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay, and routing overhead.

A survey of cross‐layer protocols for IEEE 802.11 wireless multi‐hop mesh networks

Sheikh

Wolhuter

Engelbrecht

2016

There has been an escalation in deployment and research of wireless mesh networks by both the business community and academia in the last few years. Their attractive characteristics include low deployment cost, a low-cost option to extend network coverage and ease of maintenance due to their self-healing properties. Multiple routes exist between the sender and receiver nodes because of the mesh layout that ensures network connectivity even when node or link failures occur. Recent advances among others include routing metrics, optimum routing, security, scheduling, cross-layer designs and physical layer techniques. However, there are still challenges in wireless mesh networks as discussed in this paper that need to be addressed. Crosslayer design allows information from adjacent and non-adjacent layers to be used at a particular layer for performance improvement. This paper presents a survey of cross-layer protocol design approaches applied to the IEEE 802.11 standards for wireless multi-hop mesh networks that have been proposed over the last few years for improved performance. We summarize the current research efforts in cross-layer protocol design using the IEEE 802.11 standard in identifying unsolved issues that are a promising avenue to further research.Section 3 presents some WMN protocol and design challenges that arise because of the architecture of WMNs. Section 4 gives a brief overview of CLD principles and presents the different cross-layer signalling architectures found in research to utilize information from different layers. The signalling architectures show that information can be used directly by non-adjacent or adjacent layers; by the use of a central database or server and any layer can use information from it; by interlayer signalling where the information passes through all layers and any layer can use it; and finally, by the use of information from a layer at a different node.Section 5 presents the survey on the application of CLD to WMNs to address some of the challenges in WMNs. The proposed cross-layer solutions are classified according to the cross-layer signalling architectures presented in Section 4. Many solutions are classified as using the networkwide cross-layer signalling architecture that includes among others routing metrics and soft computing techniques used in multi-path routing. Table III presents an individual summary of these articles. The table also presents the essence of the individual techniques. Table IV presents a comparison between the different approaches in terms of the modifications made to the layer architecture by these different cross-layer applications.The majority of the applications of CLD have been in the area of routing. In Section 6, we further assess the suitability of the proposed cross-layer protocols for use in three proposed use case scenarios. The comparisons, classifications and suitability by analysing the cross-layer protocol designing approaches are solely the views of the authors in this survey paper.Section 7 presents some future research directi...