A Literature-Based Approach to a Narco-Network

Espinal-Enríquez, Jesús; Siqueiros-García, J. Mario; García-Herrera, Rodrigo; Alcalá-Corona, Sergio Antonio

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-15168-7_13

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Global organization patterns of large complex networks involve the presence of structural sub-units (subnetworks) that have been called communities or modules , broadly defined as subsets of tightly interconnected nodes so that the density of within-connections is higher than that of between-connections (Girvan and Newman, 2002 ; Porter et al, 2009 ; Fortunato, 2010 ). Module detection in networks, is still an open problem in computer science (Mucha et al, 2010 ) and there is an important variety of methods and algorithms to detect such communities (Gulbahce and Lehmann, 2008 ; Ahn et al, 2010 ; Fortunato, 2010 ; Xie et al, 2013 ; Fortunato and Hric, 2016 ); thus, modular structure is an issue of particular relevance, from economic and social systems (Espinal-Enríquez et al, 2015b ; García-Pérez et al, 2016 ), to biological systems (Alcalá-Corona et al, 2016 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Network Modularity in Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes

et al. 2017

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Breast cancer is a heterogeneous and complex disease, a clear manifestation of this is its classification into different molecular subtypes. On the other hand, gene transcriptional networks may exhibit different modular structures that can be related to known biological processes. Thus, modular structures in transcriptional networks may be seen as manifestations of regulatory structures that tightly controls biological processes. In this work, we identify modular structures on gene transcriptional networks previously inferred from microarray data of molecular subtypes of breast cancer: luminal A, luminal B, basal, and HER2-enriched. We analyzed the modules (communities) found in each network to identify particular biological functions (described in the Gene Ontology database) associated to them. We further explored these modules and their associated functions to identify common and unique features that could allow a better level of description of breast cancer, particularly in the basal-like subtype, the most aggressive and poor prognosis manifestation. Our findings related to the immune system and a decrease in cell death-related processes in basal subtype could help to understand it and design strategies for its treatment.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Network Modularity in Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes

et al. 2017

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“…There have been many attempts to describe, understand, predict or control the dynamics and spread of conflict and gang-related violence: from literature-based approaches 17 , data-mining-based network inference 18,19 , reaction-diffusion equations 16 , to combined methods 20,21 . Understanding temporal and spatial evolution of homicides in a metropolitan area is of utmost importance to alleviate and diminish said violence.…”

Section: Approaches To Understand Spatial and Temporal Evolution Of Vmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eight years of homicide evolution in Monterrey, Mexico: a network approach

Dorantes-Gilardi

García-Cortés

Hernández-Ramos

et al. 2020

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Homicide is without doubt one of Mexico’s most important security problems, with data showing that this dismal kind of violence sky-rocketed shortly after the war on drugs was declared in 2007. Since then, violent war-like zones have appeared and disappeared throughout Mexico, causing unfathomable human, social and economic losses. One of the most emblematic of these zones is the Monterrey metropolitan area (MMA), a central scenario in the narco-war. Being an important metropolitan area in Mexico and a business hub, MMA has counted hundreds to thousands of casualties. In spite of several approaches being developed to understand and analyze crime in general, and homicide in particular, the lack of accurate spatio-temporal homicide data results in incomplete descriptions. In order to describe the manner in which violence has evolved and spread in time and space through the city, here we propose a network-based approach. For this purpose, we define a homicide network where nodes are geographical entities that are connected through spatial and temporal relationships. We analyzed the time series of homicides in different municipalities and neighborhoods of the MMA, to observe whether or not a global correlation appeared. We studied the spatial correlation between neighborhoods where homicides took place, to observe whether distance is a factor of influence in the frequency of homicides. We constructed yearly co-occurrence networks, by correlating neighborhoods with homicides happening within a same week, and counting the co-occurrences of these neighborhood pairs in 1 year. We also constructed a crime network by aggregating all data of homicides, eliminating the temporal correlation, in order to observe whether homicide clusters appeared, and what those clusters were distributed geographically. Finally, we correlated the location and frequency of homicides with roads, freeways and highways, to observe if a trend in the homicidal violence appeared. Our network approach in the homicide evolution of MMA allows us to identify that (1) analyzing the whole 86-month period, we observed a correlation between close cities, which decreases in distant places. (2) at neighborhood level, correlations are not distance-dependent, on the contrary, highest co-occurrences appeared between distant neighborhoods and a polygon formed by close neighborhoods in downtown Monterrey. Moreover, (3) An elevated number of homicides occur close to the 85th freeway, which connects MMA with the US border. (4) Some socioeconomic barriers determine the presence of homicide violence. Finally, (5) we show a relation between homicidal crime and the urban landscape by studying the distance of safe and violent neighborhoods to the closest highway and by studying the evolution of highway and crime distance over the cartel-related years and the following period. With this approach, we are able to describe the spatial and temporal evolution of homicidal crime in a metropolitan area.

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“…To find the modular structure in a network is a non-closed problem, which has been subject of intense research in network theory (15, 21). Furthermore, the applications of finding modular structure in real-world networks has also been matter of interest in several fields, including social (22) and biological systems (20, 23).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unveiling the Link Between Inflammation and Adaptive Immunity in Breast Cancer

et al. 2019

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Inflammation has been recognized as an important driver in the development and growth of malignancies. Inflammatory signaling in cancer emerges from the combinatorial interaction of several deregulated pathways. Pathway deregulation is often driven by changes in the underlying gene regulatory networks. Confronted with such complex scenario, it can be argued that a closer analysis of the structure of such regulatory networks will shed some light on how gene deregulation led to sustained inflammation in cancer. Here, we inferred an inflammation-associated gene regulatory network from 641 breast cancer and 78 healthy samples. A modular structure analysis of the regulatory network was carried out, revealing a hierarchical modular structure. Modules show significant overrepresentation score p-values for biological processes unveiling a definite association between inflammatory processes and adaptive immunity. Other modules are enriched for T-cell activation, differentiation of CD8+ lymphocytes and immune cell migration, thus reinforcing the aforementioned association. These analyses suggest that in breast cancer tumors, the balance between antitumor response and immune tolerance involving CD8+ T cells is tipped in favor of the tumor. One possible mechanism is the induction of tolerance and anergization of these cells by persistent antigen exposure.

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A Literature-Based Approach to a Narco-Network

Cited by 3 publications

References 5 publications

Network Modularity in Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes

Network Modularity in Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes

Eight years of homicide evolution in Monterrey, Mexico: a network approach

Unveiling the Link Between Inflammation and Adaptive Immunity in Breast Cancer

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