A Limit for the Values of the <i>Dst</i> Geomagnetic Index

Acero, Francisco Javier; Vaquero, J. M.; Gallego, M. C.; García, José Álvarez

doi:10.1029/2018gl079676

Cited by 17 publications

(25 citation statements)

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“…2.3, 2.4 and 3.1 of this paper. Several researchers have estimated the storm intensity based on the Colaba magnetogram (see the articles in a special journal edited by Clauer and Siscoe, 2006;Acero et al, 2018). The Colaba 96 B. T. Tsurutani et al: The physics of space weather/solar-terrestrial physics (STP) Figure 27.…”

Section: Interplanetary Shocks and The Formation Of New Radiation Beltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The physics of space weather/solar-terrestrial physics (STP): what we know now and what the current and future challenges are

Tsurutani

Lakhina²,

Hajra

2020

Nonlin. Processes Geophys.

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Abstract. Major geomagnetic storms are caused by unusually intense solar wind southward magnetic fields that impinge upon the Earth's magnetosphere (Dungey, 1961). How can we predict the occurrence of future interplanetary events? Do we currently know enough of the underlying physics and do we have sufficient observations of solar wind phenomena that will impinge upon the Earth's magnetosphere? We view this as the most important challenge in space weather. We discuss the case for magnetic clouds (MCs), interplanetary sheaths upstream of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), corotating interaction regions (CIRs) and solar wind high-speed streams (HSSs). The sheath- and CIR-related magnetic storms will be difficult to predict and will require better knowledge of the slow solar wind and modeling to solve. For interplanetary space weather, there are challenges for understanding the fluences and spectra of solar energetic particles (SEPs). This will require better knowledge of interplanetary shock properties as they propagate and evolve going from the Sun to 1 AU (and beyond), the upstream slow solar wind and energetic “seed” particles. Dayside aurora, triggering of nightside substorms, and formation of new radiation belts can all be caused by shock and interplanetary ram pressure impingements onto the Earth's magnetosphere. The acceleration and loss of relativistic magnetospheric “killer” electrons and prompt penetrating electric fields in terms of causing positive and negative ionospheric storms are reasonably well understood, but refinements are still needed. The forecasting of extreme events (extreme shocks, extreme solar energetic particle events, and extreme geomagnetic storms (Carrington events or greater)) are also discussed. Energetic particle precipitation into the atmosphere and ozone destruction are briefly discussed. For many of the studies, the Parker Solar Probe, Solar Orbiter, Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission (MMS), Arase, and SWARM data will be useful.

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Section: Interplanetary Shocks and The Formation Of New Radiation Beltsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The physics of space weather/solar-terrestrial physics (STP): what we know now and what the current and future challenges are

Tsurutani

Lakhina²,

Hajra

2020

Nonlin. Processes Geophys.

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“…Acting as a monitor for geomagnetic storms, it is commonly used to classify storms (Bisi et al, ; Gonzalez et al, ; Gopalswamy et al, ) and to track the evolution of the storm activity over multiple cycles (Banerjee et al, ; Love et al, ; Shen et al, ; Yermolaev et al, ). Extreme value theory and risk analysis have been applied to D ST in order to predict the likelihood of extreme geomagnetic activity (Acero et al, ; Riley, ; Silrergleit, ; Tsubouchi & Omura, ). Both AE and D ST are regularly considered as benchmarks for the specification of the overall magnetosphere‐ionosphere system as they capture overall activity (Chapman et al, ; Lockwood, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

AE, D_ST, and Their SuperMAG Counterparts: The Effect of Improved Spatial Resolution in Geomagnetic Indices

2020

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For decades, geomagnetic indices have been used extensively to parameterize space weather events, as input to various models and as space weather specifications. The auroral electrojet (AE) index and disturbance storm time index (D ST ) are two such indices that span multiple solar cycles and have been widely studied. The production of improved spatial coverage analogs to AE and D ST is now possible using the SuperMAG collaboration of ground-based magnetometers. SME is an electrojet index that shares methodology with AE. SMR is a ring current index that shares methodology with D ST . As the number of magnetometer stations in the SuperMAG network increases over time, so does the spatial resolution of SME and SMR. Our statistical comparison between the established indices and their new SuperMAG counterparts finds that, for large excursions in geomagnetic activity, AE systematically underestimates SME for later cycles. The difference between distributions of recorded AE and SME values for a single solar maximum can be of the same order as changes in activity seen from one solar cycle to the next. We demonstrate that D ST and SMR track each other but are subject to an approximate linear shift as a result of the procedure used to map stations to the magnetic equator. We explain the observed differences between AE and SME with the assistance of a simple model, based on the construction methodology of the electrojet indices. We show that in the case of AE and SME, it is not possible to simply translate between the two indices.Plain Language Summary Space weather events can cause disturbances in the Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere. Severe disturbances can cause disruption to electrical power systems, aviation, communication systems, and satellite systems. Magnetometer stations on the ground are used to monitor and specify changes in the magnetosphere-ionosphere system. Geomagnetic indices based on measurements from these stations are used extensively, and they have been recorded for many decades. Two examples are AE and D ST , which are indices designed to measure the evolution and intensity of the auroral electrojets and the ring current, respectively. The SuperMAG collaboration has made new versions of these indices available. They are based on a larger number of magnetometer stations than the original AE and D ST indices. We carry out a statistical comparison between the traditional and updated indices to identify how improved spatial resolution affects the indices.

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“…The large white light flare observed on 1 September 1859 (Carrington, 1859;Hodgson, 1859) was associated with contemporaneous geomagnetic disturbances (Stewart, 1861). The resulting storm is widely regarded as one of the largest in (at least) the last 200 years (Acero et al, 2018;Green & Boardsen, 2006). Other authors note that, while large, the "Carrington" storm may not be so extraordinary (Cid et al, 2015;Tsurutani et al, 2003).…”

Section: 1029/2018sw002108mentioning

confidence: 99%

Challenges and Opportunities in Magnetospheric Space Weather Prediction

Morley

2020

Space Weather

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Space Weather is the study of the dynamics of the coupled Solar‐Terrestrial environment, as these dynamics impact technological systems and human activity. This paper reviews a selection of the advances, challenges, and new opportunities for magnetospheric space weather, and while the focus is on specific phenomena, many other aspects of space weather will have similar challenges and needs. As a scientific field with direct applications, the field of space weather is partly driven by imperatives from both policy and operations. We provide an introduction to some of the context in which the field exists and discuss how this might shape future developments and norms within the space weather enterprise. We briefly examine benchmarking, as a policy and operationally driven activity, as it provides immediate societal relevance and an opportunity to stretch scientific understanding. As numerical space weather prediction now becomes routine, and exascale computing is in the near future, we identify challenges relating to computational expense and big data, capturing and accounting for uncertainties, and specification of boundary conditions. Here, as with the observations supporting numerical space weather prediction, the key challenge lies in extending the lead time of predictions. We also discuss the role of data, particularly in regard to model validation and empirical modeling. Due to the growing societal impact of space weather, we also examine the relationships between space weather and its terrestrial counterpart and look at the importance of continuous evaluation, monitoring progress in predictive capability, and communication with researchers, forecasters, and end users.

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A Limit for the Values of the Dst Geomagnetic Index

Cited by 17 publications

References 16 publications

The physics of space weather/solar-terrestrial physics (STP): what we know now and what the current and future challenges are

The physics of space weather/solar-terrestrial physics (STP): what we know now and what the current and future challenges are

AE, D_ST, and Their SuperMAG Counterparts: The Effect of Improved Spatial Resolution in Geomagnetic Indices

Challenges and Opportunities in Magnetospheric Space Weather Prediction

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A Limit for the Values of the Dst Geomagnetic Index

Cited by 17 publications

References 16 publications

The physics of space weather/solar-terrestrial physics (STP): what we know now and what the current and future challenges are

The physics of space weather/solar-terrestrial physics (STP): what we know now and what the current and future challenges are

AE, DST, and Their SuperMAG Counterparts: The Effect of Improved Spatial Resolution in Geomagnetic Indices

Challenges and Opportunities in Magnetospheric Space Weather Prediction

Contact Info

Product

Resources

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AE, D_ST, and Their SuperMAG Counterparts: The Effect of Improved Spatial Resolution in Geomagnetic Indices