A Lightweight and Attack-Proof Bidirectional Blockchain Paradigm for Internet of Things

Xu, Chenhao; Qu, Youyang; Luan, Tom H.; Eklund, Peter; Xiang, Yong; Gao, Longxiang

doi:10.1109/jiot.2021.3103275

Cited by 49 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…Distributed ledger in blockchain will allow validation of transaction records and tracing the data in the metaverse [40], [41]. As a result, data acquisition is resistant to attacks as the majority of nodes in the ledger must approve any changes to the data in the metaverse [42]. All the data acquired in the metaverse is subjected to a blockchain-specific validation procedure which is powered by consensus mechanisms [43], [44].…”

Section: Blockchain For the Metaverse: Technical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain for the Metaverse: A Review

Gadekallu¹,

Huynh‐The²,

Wang³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Since Facebook officially changed its name to Metaverse in Oct. 2021, the metaverse has become a new norm of social networks and three-dimensional (3D) virtual worlds. The metaverse aims to bring 3D immersive and personalized experiences to users by leveraging many pertinent technologies. Despite great attention and benefits, a natural question in the metaverse is how to secure its users' digital content and data. In this regard, blockchain is a promising solution owing to its distinct features of decentralization, immutability, and transparency. To better understand the role of blockchain in the metaverse, we aim to provide an extensive survey on the applications of blockchain for the metaverse. We first present a preliminary to blockchain and the metaverse and highlight the motivations behind the use of blockchain for the metaverse. Next, we extensively discuss blockchain-based methods for the metaverse from technical perspectives, such as data acquisition, data storage, data sharing, data interoperability, and data privacy preservation. For each perspective, we first discuss the technical challenges of the metaverse and then highlight how blockchain can help. Moreover, we investigate the impact of blockchain on key-enabling technologies in the metaverse, including Internet-of-Things, digital twins, multi-sensory and immersive applications, artificial intelligence, and big data. We also present some major projects to showcase the role of blockchain in metaverse applications and services. Finally, we present some promising directions to drive further research innovations and developments towards the use of blockchain in the metaverse in the future.

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Section: Blockchain For the Metaverse: Technical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain for the Metaverse: A Review

Gadekallu¹,

Huynh‐The²,

Wang³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Blockchain's distributed ledger will make it possible to trace data in the metaverse and validate transaction records [135], [136]. Because the majority of nodes in the ledger must consent before any modifications to the data in the metaverse can be made, data collection is therefore resistant to attacks [137]. A blockchain-specific validation process that is driven by consensus mechanisms is applied to all data collected in the metaverse [138], [139].…”

Section: B Blockchain Solutions For Maasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unlocking Metaverse-as-a-Service The three pillars to watch: Privacy and Security, Edge Computing, and Blockchain

Ahsani¹,

Rahimi²,

Letafati³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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In this article, the authors provide a comprehensive overview on three core pillars of metaverse-as-a-service (MaaS) platforms; privacy and security, edge computing, and blockchain technology. The article starts by investigating security aspects for the wireless access to the metaverse. Then it goes through the privacy and security issues inside the metaverse from data-centric, learning-centric, and human-centric points-of-view. The authors address private and secure mechanisms for privatizing sensitive data attributes and securing machine learning algorithms running in a distributed manner within the metaverse platforms. Novel visions and less-investigated methods are reviewed to help mobile network operators and metaverse service providers facilitate the realization of secure and private MaaS through different layers of the metaverse, ranging from the access layer to the social interactions among clients. Later in the article, it has been explained how the paradigm of edge computing can strengthen different aspects of the metaverse. Along with that, the challenges of using edge computing in the metaverse have been comprehensively investigated. Additionally, the paper has comprehensively investigated and analyzed 10 main challenges of MaaS platforms and thoroughly discussed how blockchain technology provides solutions for these constraints. At the final, future vision and directions, such as content-centric security and zero-trust metaverse, some blockchain's unsolved challenges are also discussed to bring further insights for the network designers in the metaverse era.

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“…Furthermore, in blockchains, for all transaction blocks, there is a fixed minimum time required before each block is created and appended to the blockchain [12]. For example, the bitcoin and Ethereum blockchains append their new blocks about every 10 minutes and 15 seconds, respectively [13], [14]. Thus, the minimum transaction time required for each transaction in the block is the number of transactions in the block divided by the minimum time required before each block is created.…”

Section: A the Blockchain Transaction Latency And Uncertaintymentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimized User-Friendly Transaction Time Management in the Blockchain Distributed Energy Market

Okoye

Kim

2022

IEEE Access

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The blockchain nexus with energy transactions in the distributed energy-trading arena successfully achieved a decentralized transaction and increased security. With the elimination of a third-party middle man, an electronic app is introduced to achieve decentralization and aid transactive communications. Observing the internet-of-things (IoT) intense protocols in the transactive communications amongst blockchain participants, however, leads to transaction time delay with associated uncertainty. This paper integrates the practical byzantine fault tolerance (pBFT) algorithm with the private Hyperledger Sawtooth blockchain network (P) to achieve a P-pBFT algorithm. The P-pBFT achieved a combined two-step transaction latency optimization (minimization) amongst the blockchain participants in the distributed energy generation (DEG) ecosystem. Through their combined feature extraction, further minimization is achieved by simulating the resulting transaction model derived from the integration. Subsequently, an optimization method is proposed to achieve the shortest transaction time given transaction constraints based on participants' comfort. Thus, the ratio of node population to the transaction size and the choice of constraints can be regulated at the participants' convenience to achieve minimum transaction time. Hence, the benefit of deciding the transaction time is achieved thereby eliminating the undesired characteristic uncertainty.INDEX TERMS Blockchain transaction, blockchain transaction time optimization, blockchain transaction time simulation, distributed energy system, practical byzantine fault tolerance.

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A Lightweight and Attack-Proof Bidirectional Blockchain Paradigm for Internet of Things

Cited by 49 publications

References 36 publications

Blockchain for the Metaverse: A Review

Blockchain for the Metaverse: A Review

Unlocking Metaverse-as-a-Service The three pillars to watch: Privacy and Security, Edge Computing, and Blockchain

Optimized User-Friendly Transaction Time Management in the Blockchain Distributed Energy Market

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