A light-scattering characterization of membrane vesicles

Selser, J. C.; Yeh, Yung‐Hsin; Baskin, Ronald J.

doi:10.1016/s0006-3495(76)85692-5

Cited by 52 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(27 reference statements)

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“…The diameter of these vacuoles is similar to that of the endocytotic vacuoles of RBCs induced by the amphipathic drug chlorpromazine (Fig. 3) and the exocytotic vesicles induced by dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine in human RBCs [22] or membrane structures of other cells, e.g., the vesicles of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle [23] or the exocytotic vesicles in thyroid follicle cells [24]. This diameter probably represents a lower limit of curvature for vacuole or vesicle formation of cell membranes, as the energy required to overcome the biophysical properties of the membrane (such as bending stiffness) increases steeply beyond this limit.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Red cell vacuoles: Their size and distribution under normal conditions and after splenectomy

Reinhart

Chien

1988

American J Hematol

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The frequency of occurrence of vacuoles in red blood cells was studied by transmission electron microscopy. Small vacuoles were found in about 13% of the cell sections, and they had a mean diameter of 130 +/- 72 nm (mean +/- SD). It can be estimated that there were about 20 small vacuoles per erythrocyte. The frequency of vacuoles was similar in density-separated cell fractions. In splenectomized patients, the small vacuoles were 4 times more frequent; there was again no difference in vacuole density between top and bottom fractions of density-separated red blood cells. The bottom fraction of red blood cells from splenectomized patients, however, had a high incidence of large vacuoles (greater than 300 nm in diameter) and clustering of small vacuoles. These large vacuoles were probably the result of aggregation and fusion of small vacuoles, and their size allowed detection by light microscopy. Hence, the well-known "pocked" or "pitted" red blood cells of splenectomized individuals were more frequent in the bottom fraction. We conclude that small vacuoles occur normally in erythrocytes, that they tend to cluster and fuse during cell aging, and that the spleen is capable of removing these structures when they reach a certain size.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Red cell vacuoles: Their size and distribution under normal conditions and after splenectomy

Reinhart

Chien

1988

American J Hematol

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“…where S/V 0 is cell surface-to-volume ratio, V w is the molar volume of water (18 cm −3 mol −1 ), (C in -C out ) is the initial osmotic gradient, d(V/V 0 )/dt is the initial rate of relative cell volume change determined by the initial slope of light scattering vs. time data upon the osmotic gradient after the calibration between scattered light intensity and cell volume [15,16]. Mean EVs volume in an isotonic condition was calculated based on mean diameter of EVs which was measured by electron microscope (EM) as described previously [13].…”

Section: Osmotic Water Permeabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

AQP2 in human urine is predominantly localized to exosomes with preserved water channel activities

et al. 2018

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Background AQP2 water channel is critical for urinary concentration in the kidney. Interestingly, AQP2 is abundantly excreted in the urine as extracellular vesicles (EVs), which is known to be a useful biomarker for water-balance disorders although the character of AQP2-enriched EVs is poorly understood including water channel function. Methods Human urine EVs were obtained by a differential centrifugation method. AQP2-bearing EVs were isolated by immunoprecipitation with an AQP2-specific antibody, and the proteins in the EVs were analyzed by LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis. Osmotic water permeability (Pf) of the AQP2-rich EVs was measured by a stopped-flow method monitoring scattered light intensity in response to outwardly directed osmotic gradient. Results Sequential centrifugation of human urine showed that AQP2 was present predominantly (80%) in low-density EVs (160,000 g), whereas negligible amount in high-density EVs (17,000 g). Proteomic analysis of the AQP2-bearing EVs identified 137 proteins, mostly in the endosome pathway, including the components of ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required transporter)-I, II, III. Pf value of the 160,000 g EVs was 4.75 ± 0.38 × 10 −4 cm s −1 (mean ± SE) with the activation energy of 3.51 kcal mol −1 which was inhibited with 0.3 mM HgCl 2 by 63%, suggesting a channel-mediated water transport. Moreover, Pf value showed a significant correlation with the abundance of AQP2 protein in EVs. Conclusion Taken together, AQP2 is localized predominantly to urinary exosomes with preserved water channel activities.

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“…[128][129][130][131][132][133] Laser light scattering can probe aggregates in the size range of 1 nm to 1 μm. Aft er the beam of laser light passes through a polymer solution in a probe cell, most of the light will pass through the sample, but a small portion will be scattered by aggregation in a solution and from scattering intensity.…”

Section: Scatteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smart Vesicles: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications

Kim

Lee

2014

Smart Membranes and Sensors

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Vesicles are representative mimic systems for natural lipid membranes. Th is chapter summarizes recent research in the area of synthesis of vesicular structures from self-assembly of lipids, polymers, and small molecules in solutions and synthesis of hard vesicles by using vesicles as templates, like hollow silica spheres. Th en we provide an overview of the characterization tools of structures by microscopic and scattering method. Th e present study will focus on the discussion about the various types of self-assembled smart vesicles, which are revealed by their capability to respond to external stimuli such as temperature, pH, and others. In addition, the application of these smart vesicles toward molecular separation, chemical sensors, nanoreactors and microreactors, catalysts, and drug delivery vehicles are described.

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A light-scattering characterization of membrane vesicles

Cited by 52 publications

References 16 publications

Red cell vacuoles: Their size and distribution under normal conditions and after splenectomy

Red cell vacuoles: Their size and distribution under normal conditions and after splenectomy

AQP2 in human urine is predominantly localized to exosomes with preserved water channel activities

Smart Vesicles: Synthesis, Characterization and Applications

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