“…A wide variety of synthetic nanomaterials have been explored as alternatives to colloidal gold, including fluorescent 20 or luminescent 21 nanoparticles, 22 quantum dots 23 , iron oxides, 24 and phosphors. 25, 26 Similarly, alternate methods to modulate the flow of reporters through the strip have been proposed, including electrophoresis, 27 isotachophoresis, 28 and flow delay. 29 Finally, proposed ultrasensitive readouts include volumetric magnetization, 30, 31 near-infrared detection, 32 surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, 33 fluorescence, 34, 35 chemiluminescence, 9, 36 phosphorescence 37 , and thermal contrast.…”