“…Thus, the essential role of ITSs for mathematics learning has been acknowledged, and the use of ITSs to help students learn mathematics has become an important research topic (AbuEloun & Naser, 2017;Hsieh & Chen, 2019;Mokmin, 2020;Paiva et al, 2017). Referring to dialogue-based math ITSs, Kochmar et al (2020) implemented machine learning and natural language-processing technologies in a large-scale dialoguebased ITS, named Korbit (Serban et al, 2020), and they verified the effectiveness of improving students' learning outcomes. In the teaching program, they used a natural language-processing technique to compare students' solutions against stored expected solutions.…”