“…EXPAR has the intrinsic merits of isothermal nature, high amplification efficiency and rapid amplification kinetics, which can provide 10 6 -10 9 fold amplification within minutes under isothermal conditions. In addition, metal nanoparticles (Sharifi et al, 2014;Wu et al, 2014), quantum dots (Zhu et al, 2014), DNA biobarcode (Xu et al, 2012;Zhou et al, 2014b) and labeled enzymes (Ge et al, 2014) were also the common examples of amplification strategy. However, the multiple assay steps, the addition of many exogenous reagents and the labeling process made them laborious and costly.…”