A Kinetic Model for Modification of MgAl2O4 Spinel Inclusions During Calcium Treatment in the Ladle Furnace

Tabatabaei, Yousef; Coley, Kenneth S.; Irons, G. A.; Sun, Stanley

doi:10.1007/s11663-018-1354-0

Cited by 21 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…This work provides compelling evidence that the model presents a very consistent prediction for metal, slag, and inclusion compositions for a number of heats and clearly shows where the controlling steps for the various reactions lie. These fundamental issues have been discussed in the previous publications . The calculation results for the composition of each element in the molten steel and the slag, including the desulfurization reaction, were found to correspond with the operational results.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

“…These fundamental issues have been discussed in the previous publications. [12,26,27] The calculation results for the composition of each element in the molten steel and the slag, including the desulfurization reaction, were found to correspond with the operational results. The model also showed that inclusions in the ladle changed from alumina to MgO Al 2 O 3 spinel inclusions as the MgO fraction in inclusions gradually increased during high stirring due to an increase in dissolved magnesium as observed in the industry.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…However, in the previous work (see Figure in the study by Tabatabaei et al), it is clear that all inclusions do not transform at the same rate because, at any given time, there is a wide range of inclusion compositions. One explanation of this observation that is consistent with the modeling results is that some of these inclusions are formed by minor reoxidation events later in the heat and would only be modified by residual calcium.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

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Tracking Inclusions during Ladle Refining Using a Kinetic Model for the Compositions of Metal, Slag, and Inclusions

Tabatabaei

Coley

Irons

et al. 2019

steel research int.

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A mathematical kinetic model to predict the trajectory of chemical compositions of the molten steel, slag, and inclusions in the ladle metallurgy furnace was presented in a recent study. The model considered the following chemical processes: 1) the rate of slag–steel reaction; 2) the rate of supply of calcium during calcium treatment; and 3) the rate of steel–inclusion reactions, including oxides and sulfides. Herein, the model is further validated by running the model in varying conditions and comparing the predicted and measured composition of inclusions and dissolved species in the steel for additional plant heats. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out to investigate the effect of different parameters, including sulfur content of steel, total oxygen, slag composition, and reoxidation of steel on the trajectory of composition of inclusions during the ladle process. The model developed by the authors offers potential for control and optimization of the operation of a ladle furnace.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 84%

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Tracking Inclusions during Ladle Refining Using a Kinetic Model for the Compositions of Metal, Slag, and Inclusions

Tabatabaei

Coley

Irons

et al. 2019

steel research int.

Self Cite

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“…[301] In the next step, MURG tried to combine this slag-metal kinetic model into the inclusion-steel kinetic model, including Ca diffusion from Ca bubbles to Al 2 O 3 or MA spinel inclusions to predict the modification procedure by Ca treatment in LF. [302][303][304] However, due to the difficulty of measuring the mass transfer coefficient of calcium at the bubble boundary layer k Ca;L À Á as well as the bubble interfacial area A B;L À Á , these parameters were taken from the work of Lu et al [305] by fitting to industrial data. [303] MATLAB** software was used by MURG to develop a code for solving the equations.…”

Section: A Coupled Reaction Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetic Modeling of Nonmetallic Inclusions Behavior in Molten Steel: A Review

Park

Zhang

2020

Metall Mater Trans B

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The kinetic modeling for the nucleation, size growth, and compositional evolution of nonmetallic inclusions in steel was extensively reviewed in the present article. The nucleation and initial growth of inclusion in molten steel during deoxidation as well as the collision growth, motion, removal, and entrapment of inclusions in the molten steel in continuous casting (CC) tundish and strand were discussed. Moreover, the recent studies on the prediction of inclusion composition in CC semiproducts were introduced. Since the 1990s, the development of thermodynamic model and relevant databases for inclusion engineering has been initiated by the steel industry. Later, the commercial software FACTSAGE employing the FACT database was widely used to predict the gas (atmosphere/bubble)-liquid (steel/slag/inclusion)-solid (refractory/slag/steel/inclusion) multiphase equilibria. With the help of the comprehensive thermodynamic database and solution models in conjunction with the development of user-friendly computing packages, the kinetics of inclusion evolution in molten steel can be successfully predicted based on several kinetic models such as the coupled reaction (CR) model, reaction zone model, and tank series recirculation (TSR) model. However, some parameters are needed to represent the real processes according to the model employed at different operational or experimental conditions. The effect of reoxidation on the evolution of inclusions in the ladle and tundish, which was experimentally confirmed, can be simulated by the effective equilibrium reaction zone (EERZ) model. The complex slag-steel interfacial reaction phenomena have been successfully explained by the interfacial kinetic model based on the dynamic interfacial tension and oxygen adsorption/desorption characteristics at the slag-steel interface.

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“…In industrial practice, 10,15,17) it is found that alumina inclusions generally transform into MgO•Al 2 O 3 spinel inclusions in the beginning, and then transform into calcium aluminate inclusions in Al-killed steel grades. Many publications 15,[17][18][19][22][23][24][25][26] investigated the modification of spinel inclusions using Ca. Some of them 7,10,15,17,27) discussed the formation kinetics of dissolved Mg and Ca, and explained the evolution route of inclusions in industry.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation, Evolution and Removal of MgO·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Spinel Inclusions in Steel

et al. 2021

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MgO•Al 2 O 3 spinel inclusions are generally found in steel, and required be controlled during steelmaking process due to the influences on continuous casting and the quality of final products. The present review aims to give an overall picture on the formation, evolution and removal of spinel inclusions. In this review, the reported formation mechanisms are reclassified, and the effects of Ca, Ti and Mn as well as rare earth on the evolution of spinel inclusions are summarized. Different methods with thermodynamic data sheets are also introduced for the calculation of phase stability diagram. To explain the evolution route of inclusions in industry, the sources and the formation kinetics of dissolved Mg and Ca are discussed. In addition, the agglomeration, separation and dissolution behaviors of spinel inclusions are considered, and the advantages of spinel inclusions are also addressed. Based on literature survey, some suggestions on the control of inclusions are given as well.

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A Kinetic Model for Modification of MgAl2O4 Spinel Inclusions During Calcium Treatment in the Ladle Furnace

Cited by 21 publications

References 15 publications

Tracking Inclusions during Ladle Refining Using a Kinetic Model for the Compositions of Metal, Slag, and Inclusions

Tracking Inclusions during Ladle Refining Using a Kinetic Model for the Compositions of Metal, Slag, and Inclusions

Kinetic Modeling of Nonmetallic Inclusions Behavior in Molten Steel: A Review

Formation, Evolution and Removal of MgO·Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Spinel Inclusions in Steel

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