A kinetic-based hyperbolic two-fluid model for binary hard-sphere mixtures

Abstract

Starting from coupled Boltzmann–Enskog (BE) kinetic equations for a two-particle system consisting of hard spheres, a hyperbolic two-fluid model for binary, hard-sphere mixtures is derived with separate mean velocities and energies for each phase. In addition to spatial transport, the BE kinetic equations account for particle–particle collisions, using an elastic hard-sphere collision model, and the Archimedes (buoyancy) force due to spatial gradients of the pressure in each phase, as well as other forces involving spatial gradients (e.g. lift). In the derivation, the particles in a given phase have identical mass and volume, and have no internal degrees of freedom (i.e. the particles are adiabatic). The ‘hard-sphere-fluid’ phase is obtained in the limit where the particle diameter in one phase tends to zero with fixed phase density so that the number of fluid particles tends to infinity. The moment system resulting from the two BE kinetic equations is closed at second order by invoking the anisotropic Gaussian closure. The resulting two-fluid model for a binary, hard-sphere mixture therefore consists (for each phase $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=1,2$) of transport equations for the mass $\unicode[STIX]{x1D71A}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}$, mean momentum $\unicode[STIX]{x1D71A}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\boldsymbol{u}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}$ (where $\boldsymbol{u}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}$ is the velocity) and a symmetric, second-order, kinetic energy tensor $\unicode[STIX]{x1D71A}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\unicode[STIX]{x1D640}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}=\frac{1}{2}\unicode[STIX]{x1D71A}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}(\boldsymbol{u}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\otimes \boldsymbol{u}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}+\unicode[STIX]{x1D748}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}})$. The trace of the fluctuating energy tensor $\unicode[STIX]{x1D748}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}$ is $\text{tr}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D748}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}})=3\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}$ where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}$ is the phase temperature (or granular temperature). Thus, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D71A}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}E_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D71A}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}}\text{tr}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D640}_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}})$ is the total kinetic energy, the sum over $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ of which is the total kinetic energy of the system, a conserved quantity. From the analysis, it is found that the BE finite-size correction leads to exact phase pressure (or stress) tensors that depend on the mean-slip velocity $\boldsymbol{u}_{12}=\boldsymbol{u}_{1}-\boldsymbol{u}_{2}$, as well as the phase temperatures for both phases. These pressure tensors also appear in the momentum-exchange terms in the mean momentum equations that produce the Archimedes force, as well as drag contributions due to fluid compressibility and a lift force due to mean fluid-velocity gradients. The closed BE energy flux tensors show a similar dependence on the mean-slip velocity. The characteristic polynomial of the flux matrix from the one-dimensional model is computed symbolically and depends on five parameters: the particle volume fractions $\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}_{1}$, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D711}_{2}$, the phase density ratio ${\mathcal{Z}}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{f}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{p}$, the phase temperature ratio $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{r}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{2}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{1}$ and the mean-slip Mach number $Ma_{s}=\boldsymbol{u}_{12}/\sqrt{5\unicode[STIX]{x1D6E9}_{1}/3}$. By applying Sturm’s Theorem to the characteristic polynomial, it is demonstrated that the model is hyperbolic over a wide range of these parameters, in particular, for the physically most relevant values.

A hyperbolic two-fluid model for compressible flows with arbitrary material-density ratios

“…R and r in the fluid phase) and forces (i.e. F fp and D fp ) that are specific to hard-sphere mixtures (Fox 2019). Formally, the 1-D models can be rewritten as…”

“…Starting from the kinetic-theory-based model derived from first principles in Fox (2019), the definition of the particle mass was extended to include the added mass moving with the velocity of the particle. This resulted in the compressible two-fluid model in table 1.…”

“…The tensorial form of the fluid-mediated particle pressure in (2.16), and its appearance with the opposite sign in the fluid-phase momentum balance, is motivated as follows. In the kinetic-theory derivation of Fox (2019), it was shown that the mixture pressure tensor has the form regardless of the size ratio between the hard spheres. The Boltzmann–Enskog contribution leads to the term involving in the fluid-phase momentum balance when added mass is neglected ().…”

“…Having previously investigated the case with (Fox 2019), in the remainder of this work we are particularly interested in the limiting cases with (i.e. the particles have zero mass) so that .…”

Ensemble average and nearest particle statistics in disperse multiphase flows

“…With the stress, results from numerical simulations with particle-scale resolved can be further interrogated to extract physics other than traditional particle–fluid interaction forces. This stress could have an interesting implication for hyperbolicity of the averaged equations fundamentally important for multiphase flow theories (Ndjinga 2007; Fox 2012; Theofanous & Chang 2018; Fox 2019).…”