“…EL methods generally remain hyperbolic due to the Lagrangian treatment of the particle phase, though they could be susceptible to similar numerical instabilities if inter-particle contact is not treated explicitly (Theofanous and Chang, 2017). Numerous attempts have been made to restore hyperbolicity starting with Stuhmiller (1977), and seems only very recently to be properly resolved (Fox et al, 2020).…”
Section: Ill-posedness and Hyperbolicitymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A rigorous analysis of this model showed that it is hyperbolic for gas-particle flows with ρ p /ρ f 1. The following year, Fox et al (2020) extended the model to arbitrary density ratios by including the added mass of the fluid on the particle in addition to fluid-mediated interactions between particles. An additional equation to include R f in the fluid phase was also proposed.…”
Section: Ill-posedness and Hyperbolicitymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Such a simple expression for the inviscid unsteady force has received mixed success when applied to shock-particle interactions (Parmar et al, 2009;Koneru and Balachandar, 2021;Osnes and Vartdal, 2021). An interesting alternative to modeling the inviscid unsteady force was recently proposed by Fox et al (2020), and demonstrated to be a key ingredient in restoring hyperbolicity of the compressible two-fluid equations (refer back to Sec. 2.2).…”
Section: Unsteady Inviscid Forcementioning
confidence: 99%
“…The two-fluid equations for disperse multiphase systems are well known to be ill-posed. After more than four decades of attempts to remedy this, it was only recently rigorously resolved by Fox et al (2020), who showed that inclusion of the added mass and a fluid-mediated contribution to the particlephase pressure tensor are needed to ensure hyperbolicity for arbitrary density ratios.…”
The interactions between rocket exhaust plumes and the surface of extraterrestrial bodies during spacecraft landings involve complex multiphase flow dynamics that pose significant risk to space exploration missions. The two-phase flow is characterized by high Reynolds and Mach number conditions with particle concentrations ranging from dilute to close-packing. Low atmospheric pressure and gravity typically encountered in landing environments combined with reduced optical access by the granular material pose significant challenges for experimental investigations. Consequently, numerical modeling is expected to play an increasingly important role for future missions. This article presents a review and perspectives on modeling high-speed disperse two-phase flows relevant to plume-surface interactions (PSI). We present an overview of existing drag laws, with origins from 18th-century cannon fire experiments and new insights from particle-resolved numerical simulations. While the focus here is on multiphase flows relevant to PSI, much of the same physics are shared by other compressible gas-particle flows, such as coal-dust explosions, volcanic eruptions, and detonation of solid material.
“…EL methods generally remain hyperbolic due to the Lagrangian treatment of the particle phase, though they could be susceptible to similar numerical instabilities if inter-particle contact is not treated explicitly (Theofanous and Chang, 2017). Numerous attempts have been made to restore hyperbolicity starting with Stuhmiller (1977), and seems only very recently to be properly resolved (Fox et al, 2020).…”
Section: Ill-posedness and Hyperbolicitymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…A rigorous analysis of this model showed that it is hyperbolic for gas-particle flows with ρ p /ρ f 1. The following year, Fox et al (2020) extended the model to arbitrary density ratios by including the added mass of the fluid on the particle in addition to fluid-mediated interactions between particles. An additional equation to include R f in the fluid phase was also proposed.…”
Section: Ill-posedness and Hyperbolicitymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Such a simple expression for the inviscid unsteady force has received mixed success when applied to shock-particle interactions (Parmar et al, 2009;Koneru and Balachandar, 2021;Osnes and Vartdal, 2021). An interesting alternative to modeling the inviscid unsteady force was recently proposed by Fox et al (2020), and demonstrated to be a key ingredient in restoring hyperbolicity of the compressible two-fluid equations (refer back to Sec. 2.2).…”
Section: Unsteady Inviscid Forcementioning
confidence: 99%
“…The two-fluid equations for disperse multiphase systems are well known to be ill-posed. After more than four decades of attempts to remedy this, it was only recently rigorously resolved by Fox et al (2020), who showed that inclusion of the added mass and a fluid-mediated contribution to the particlephase pressure tensor are needed to ensure hyperbolicity for arbitrary density ratios.…”
The interactions between rocket exhaust plumes and the surface of extraterrestrial bodies during spacecraft landings involve complex multiphase flow dynamics that pose significant risk to space exploration missions. The two-phase flow is characterized by high Reynolds and Mach number conditions with particle concentrations ranging from dilute to close-packing. Low atmospheric pressure and gravity typically encountered in landing environments combined with reduced optical access by the granular material pose significant challenges for experimental investigations. Consequently, numerical modeling is expected to play an increasingly important role for future missions. This article presents a review and perspectives on modeling high-speed disperse two-phase flows relevant to plume-surface interactions (PSI). We present an overview of existing drag laws, with origins from 18th-century cannon fire experiments and new insights from particle-resolved numerical simulations. While the focus here is on multiphase flows relevant to PSI, much of the same physics are shared by other compressible gas-particle flows, such as coal-dust explosions, volcanic eruptions, and detonation of solid material.
“…The drag models considered here are also of interest for EE simulation strategies, where detailed particle configuration data is not available. A recent discussion of the properties of such simulations is found in [22].…”
Models for prediction of drag forces within a particle cloud following shock-acceleration are evaluated with the aid of results from particle-resolved simulations in order to quantify how much the disturbances introduced by the proximity of nearby particles affect the drag forces. The drag models evaluated here consist of quasi-steady forces, undisturbed flow forces, inviscid unsteady forces, and viscous unsteady forces. Two dense particle curtain correction schemes to these forces, based on volume fraction and input velocity, are also evaluated. The models are tested in two ways; first they are evaluated based on volume-averaged flow fields from particle-resolved simulations; secondly, they are applied in Eulerian-Lagrangian simulations, and the results are compared to the particle-resolved simulations.The results show that both correction schemes significantly improve the particle force predictions, but the average total impulse on the particles is still underpredicted by both correction schemes in both tests. With the volume averaged flow fields as input, the volume fraction correction gives the best results. However, in the Eulerian-Lagrangian simulations it is demonstrated that the velocity fluctuation model, associated with the velocity correction scheme, is crucial for obtaining accurate predictions of the mean flow fields.
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