A hybrid indoor/outdoor detection approach for smartphone-based seamless positioning

Abstract

Indoor/Outdoor (IO) detection (IOD) using Wi-Fi- and smartphone-based technologies is in high demand and interest in both the industrial and research fields. This paper proposes a novel and effective hybrid IOD (HIOD) approach for detecting a smartphone user's IO location. The HIOD approach uses signals received from both Wi-Fi and GPS as well as the latest positioning technologies such as multilateration, fingerprinting and machine learning. This paper proposes and implements two-level signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) threshold parameters for the first time, which are specifically derived from GPS signals through 42 empirical tests at seven test sites with adequate environmental factors considered. Using the newly derived IOD threshold parameters and a set of IO detection rules, the HIOD approach is then tested at 20 test points (TPs) in a city canyon area, where most of the TPs are under semi-indoor or semi-outdoor conditions. The final test results show that a 100% IOD rate is achieved.

Smartphone Level Indoor/Outdoor Ubiquitous Pedestrian Positioning 3dma GNSS/Vins Integration Using Fgo

“…IO detection: Indoor refers to a physically confined area; Outdoor refers to a non-completely confined area. (Bai et al, 2022) (Yan et al, 2019) Figure . 2 Flowchart of the SVM To classify IO, SVM is adopted by GNSS features, including the received and used satellite numbers, the received average carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N0), and the elevation angle are extracted for IO classification. It is a supervised learning approach that transforms into a binary result.…”

Enhanced Seamless Indoor–Outdoor Tracking Using Time Series of GNSS Positioning Errors

“…The advantage of using GNSS-based positioning is that it can be applied to all people moving in an outdoor space [4]. The problem arises when people move from outdoors to indoors because GNSS-based systems degrade their performance in these environments [5][6][7]. This occurs because GNSS signals cannot penetrate indoor spaces.…”

Multi-Sensor Data Fusion Solutions for Blind and Visually Impaired: Research and Commercial Navigation Applications for Indoor and Outdoor Spaces

“…The scientific community has proposed and demonstrated numerous solutions that span several different techniques and approaches to address these issues. However, few of them can be used immediately by the BVI individuals to improve their life as they are largely exploratory and most commonly have little to no consideration for the utility aspect of day-to-day application [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Furthermore, contrary to outdoor space navigation, which leverages the GPS infrastructure, indoor space navigation has no adequate solution.…”