A History of Medical Reports on the Boston Marathon

Thompson, Paul D.; Venero, Carmelo V.

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181878067

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 67 publications

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“…In contrast to the classical descriptions of the protection of organic structures such as the brain, heart and kidney during prolonged strenuous exercise, several authors have shown that after a marathon race, organs such as the heart [27] and kidney [28] are negatively affected. Therefore, the elevation of GH before the race can represent a protective mechanism of the central nervous system (CNS) [25] that can occur through a direct action of GH and by activation of the GH-IGF1 axis, according to many descriptions obtained from the literature [29,30,31,32,33].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuro-Immuno-Endocrine Modulation in Marathon Runners

Bachi

Ríos

Vaisberg³

et al. 2014

Neuroimmunomodulation

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Objective: Sports practice alters the homeostasis of athletes. To achieve homeostatic equilibrium, the integrated action of the neuroendocrine and immune systems is necessary. Here we studied the relation between cytokines, hormones and mood states in marathon runners. Methods: A total of 20 male recreational marathon runners (mean age = 35.7 ± 9 years) and 20 male sedentary individuals (mean age = 35.5 ± 7 years) were recruited. We compared the serum levels of growth hormone (GH), cortisol and interleukins 8 and 10 and the amounts of these two cytokines spontaneously produced by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Blood samples of the sedentary group were collected at rest. Blood from the marathon runners was collected at rest (baseline: 24 h before the race), immediately after a marathon and 72 h after a marathon. Mood state analysis in both groups was performed using the 24-item Brunel Mood Scale (BRUMS). Results: Our results showed that, at rest, levels of interleukins 8 and 10 in the supernatant of culture cells, the serum concentration of GH, and tension and vigour (evaluated using the BRUMS), were significantly higher in athletes compared to sedentary people. Immediately after the race all serum parameters analysed were statistically higher than baseline values. At 72 h after the marathon, serum levels of hormones and interleukins returned to values at rest, but the concentrations of interleukins in the supernatant of culture cells showed a significant reduction compared to values at rest. Conclusion: The higher serum levels of GH in athletes at rest and the higher production of cytokines in culture without previous stimulus suggest that marathon runners present mechanisms that may be associated with preparing the body to perform prolonged strenuous exercise, such as a marathon.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuro-Immuno-Endocrine Modulation in Marathon Runners

Bachi

Ríos

Vaisberg³

et al. 2014

Neuroimmunomodulation

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“…We replicated the search criteria from our previously published report [1] by using keywords "Boston Marathon" or "marathon" in PubMed and searched prior citations for additional articles. An additional search of the table of contents of the New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) revealed no additional articles.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Boston Marathon, organized by the Boston Athletic Association (BAA) since 1897, is the longest running annual marathon [1]. The Boston Marathon, also known as the BAA, has been used for clinical research since 1899, when two Tufts professors measured cardiac dimensions by percussion and examined urinary sediment in BAA participants [2].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The Boston Marathon, also known as the BAA, has been used for clinical research since 1899, when two Tufts professors measured cardiac dimensions by percussion and examined urinary sediment in BAA participants [2]. We reviewed the first 108 years of medical research on BAA runners by summarizing all published reports through December 2007 [1]. The current systematic review provides an update of Boston Marathon studies published in the 7 years since our prior report.…”

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confidence: 99%

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An update on the Boston Marathon as a research laboratory

Panza

Taylor

Zaleski

et al. 2015

The Physician and Sportsmedicine

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“…Glucocorticoids exert their effect through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) which is expressed in most cells of the human body and regulates the expression of multiple genes [9]. The sensitivity to glucocorticoids varies considerably between individuals [10]. Polymorphisms in the GR gene are thought to play a role in this and show associations with altered sensitivity [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Polymorphism Is Less Frequent in Children Born Small for Gestational Age without Catch-Up Growth

Voorhoeve

Akker²,

Lamberts

et al. 2009

Horm Res Paediatr

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Background/Aims: Glucocorticoids are important regulators of many processes involved in embryonal growth and development and fat and glucose metabolism. Glucocorticoids exert their effect through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). The aim of this study was to investigate possible associations between 4 well-known GR gene haplotypes and size at birth. Methods: We investigated associations between GR haplotypes and size at birth in a Dutch reference cohort. This reference cohort consisted of 222 young healthy Caucasian subjects. Associations between size at birth and glucocorticoid receptor gene haplotypes were tested. Furthermore, we investigated a group of 119 children born small for gestational age (SGA), without catch-up growth. Prevalence of the different GR haplotypes was compared between the SGA group and the reference cohort. Results: No associations were found between any of the GR haplotypes and birth weight or birth length in the reference group. The prevalence of GR haplotype 2 (Bcl1) was significantly lower in the SGA group compared to controls. Conclusion: Genetic variance in the GR seems not to be associated with intrauterine growth in the general population. However, GR haplotype might play a role in growth of children born SGA, reflected by the decreased prevalence of GR haplotype 2 (Bcl1) in this group.

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A History of Medical Reports on the Boston Marathon

Abstract: Medical studies on the Boston Marathon not only provide lessons applicable to managing modern athletes but also demonstrate the interests and concerns of researchers who have used the event to study the physiology of prolonged exercise for more than a century.

Cited by 4 publications

References 67 publications

Neuro-Immuno-Endocrine Modulation in Marathon Runners

Neuro-Immuno-Endocrine Modulation in Marathon Runners

An update on the Boston Marathon as a research laboratory

Glucocorticoid Receptor Gene Polymorphism Is Less Frequent in Children Born Small for Gestational Age without Catch-Up Growth

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