A historical perspective on the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis

Allen, Holly; Wei, Donghui; Gu, Ying; Li, Shundai

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117022

Cited by 30 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 194 publications

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“…We found that Kkv traffics via Golgi, reaches the apical membrane, is then internalised and finally degraded or recycled back to the membrane. A comparable trafficking route has been described for cellulose synthases, CSC (Allen et al, 2021). Also in line with results with CSC, our results indicated a correlation between Kkv activity and Kkv trafficking and localisation (Allen et al, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…A comparable trafficking route has been described for cellulose synthases, CSC (Allen et al, 2021). Also in line with results with CSC, our results indicated a correlation between Kkv activity and Kkv trafficking and localisation (Allen et al, 2021). Kkv protein unable to polymerise chitin did not localize apically and was found diffused in the cytoplasm, strongly suggesting that Kkv polymerisation is important for Kkv localisation/stabilisation at the membrane, as also proposed by other labs (Adler, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Overexpression of kkv in the absence of exp/reb activity showed that Kkv is able to polymerise chitin throughout all its trafficking route as we detected exocytic, endocytic and recycling Kkv vesicles containing chitin. This indicates that Kkv is already assembled as a functional synthesising complex in Golgi (but not in ER, as in ER retention conditions no chitin polymerisation is detected), before reaching the membrane, and once it is internalised, as shown for the CSC (Allen et al, 2021). Intriguingly, we also detected the presence of large amounts of membrane-less aggregates of chitin, free of Kkv, in the cytoplasm under these conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

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Dissecting the roles of Expansion/Rebuf and the chitin synthase Krotzkopf Verkehrt in chitin deposition inDrosophila

Giorgio

Giannios

Espinás

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Chitin is a highly abundant polymer in nature and a principal component of apical extracellular matrices in insects. In addition, chitin has proved to be an excellent biomaterial with multiple applications. In spite of its importance, the molecular mechanisms of chitin biosynthesis and chitin structural diversity are not fully elucidated yet. To investigate these issues, we use Drosophila as a model. We previously showed that chitin deposition in ectodermal tissues requires the concomitant activities of the chitin synthase enzyme Kkv and the functionally interchangeable proteins Exp and Reb. Here we carry out a cellular and molecular analysis of chitin deposition and we show that chitin polymerisation and chitin translocation to the extracellular space are uncoupled. We find that Kkv activity in chitin translocation, but not in polymerisation, requires the activity of Exp/Reb, and in particular of its conserved Nα-MH2 domain. The activity of Kkv in chitin polymerisation and translocation correlate with Kkv subcellular localisation, and in absence of Kkv-mediated extracellular chitin deposition, chitin accumulates intracellularly as membrane-less punctae. Furthermore, we find that Kkv and Exp/Reb display a largely complementary pattern at the apical domain, and that Exp/Reb activity regulates the topological distribution of Kkv at the apical membrane. We propose a model in which Exp/Reb regulates the organisation of Kkv complexes at the apical membrane which, in turn, regulates the function of Kkv in extracellular chitin translocation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

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Dissecting the roles of Expansion/Rebuf and the chitin synthase Krotzkopf Verkehrt in chitin deposition inDrosophila

Giorgio

Giannios

Espinás

et al. 2022

Preprint

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“…Cellulose is synthesized in diverse fibrillar forms across the wide range of cellulose-synthesizing organisms, including bacteria, algae, tunicates, and plants ( Tsekos, 1999 ; Wohlert et al, 2021 ). In land plants CMFs are synthesized by large cellulose synthase complexes (CSCs) embedded in the plasma membrane (reviewed by Allen et al, 2021 ). CMFs in plants are long (rough estimates of 1–10 μm are common) and thin (∼3 nm) and comprised many parallel glucan chains tightly packed into crystalline order ( Nishiyama, 2009 ).…”

Section: Update On Cell Wall Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Building an extensible cell wall

Cosgrove

2022

Plant Physiology

117

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This article recounts, from my perspective of four decades in this field, evolving paradigms of primary cell wall structure and the mechanism of surface enlargement of growing cell walls. Updates of the structures, physical interactions, and roles of cellulose, xyloglucan, and pectins are presented. This leads to an example of how a conceptual depiction of wall structure can be translated into an explicit quantitative model based on molecular dynamics methods. Comparison of the model’s mechanical behavior with experimental results provides insights into the molecular basis of complex mechanical behaviors of primary cell wall and uncovers the dominant role of cellulose–cellulose interactions in forming a strong yet extensible network.

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“…Cellulose is a linear glucan composed of cellobiose, with glucose residues linked by β-1,4 glycosidic bonds 4 . Due to the stable molecular structure, cellulose needs to be broken down into monosaccharides or polysaccharides to convert into sustainable biofuels and other value-added products 5 , 6 . However, in addition to a mass of cellulose, plant cell wall also includes hemicellulose and lignin 7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellobiose phosphorylase from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii catalyzes reversible phosphorolysis via different kinetic mechanisms

Bai

Yang

Wang

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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In the process of yielding biofuels from cellulose degradation, traditional enzymatic hydrolysis, such as β-glucosidase catalyzing cellobiose, can barely resolve the contradiction between cellulose degradation and bioenergy conservation. However, it has been shown that cellobiose phosphorylase provides energetic advantages for cellobiose degradation through a phosphorolytic pathway, which has attracted wide attention. Here, the cellobiose phosphorylase gene from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii (CbCBP) was cloned, expressed, and purified. Analysis of the enzymatic properties and kinetic mechanisms indicated that CbCBP catalyzed reversible phosphorolysis and had good thermal stability and broad substrate selectivity. In addition, the phosphorolytic reaction of cellobiose by CbCBP proceeded via an ordered Bi Bi mechanism, while the synthetic reaction proceeded via a ping pong Bi Bi mechanism. The present study lays the foundation for optimizing the degradation of cellulose and the synthesis of functional oligosaccharides.

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A historical perspective on the regulation of cellulose biosynthesis

Cited by 30 publications

References 194 publications

Dissecting the roles of Expansion/Rebuf and the chitin synthase Krotzkopf Verkehrt in chitin deposition inDrosophila

Dissecting the roles of Expansion/Rebuf and the chitin synthase Krotzkopf Verkehrt in chitin deposition inDrosophila

Building an extensible cell wall

Cellobiose phosphorylase from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii catalyzes reversible phosphorolysis via different kinetic mechanisms

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