A Highly Sensitive Disposable In-House Screen-Printed Electrodes for Determination of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic Acid Aided by Essential Green Chemistry Tools: Application in Nile River Samples and Human Urine

Abstract

A green voltammetric method of analysis is proposed for the electrochemical determination of 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (BHTCOOH); the major metabolite of the extensively consumed antioxidant, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Environmental contamination by BHTCOOH is unavoidable owing to recurrence human exposure for these chemicals so (BHTCOOH) was detected in human urine and Nile River water samples. BHTCOOH is investigated by applying square-wave voltammetry (SWV) at two in-house fabricated screen-printed electrodes (SPE); Screen-Printed Graphite Electrode (SPGE) and Graphene-Modified Screen-Printed Graphite Electrode (GM-SPGE). Cyclic voltammetric analysis is used to optimize the voltammetric conditions. BHTCOOH oxidation on the surface of the electrodes is found to be irreversible and diffusion controlled. Using our fabricated SPEs, a linearity range of 4.88–21.62 and 0.12–1.31 μg ml−1 with minimum detectability levels of 1.06 and 0.03 μg ml−1 are reached at the surface of the SPGE and GM-SPGE, respectively. Moreover, the greenness of the method is inspected and found to be “excellent,” owing to the use of limited amounts of less hazardous chemicals and hence reduced waste production. The developed method is then successfully applied on urine and Nile-River samples; being the major source of water in Egypt, thereby allow for an adequate assessment of risks to human health and safety.

Green Prospective Approach of Chromium Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Highly Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Detection of Anti-hypotensive Medication in Various Matrices

“…SWV is a pulse voltammetry technique that is characterized by its high-speed analysis, sensitivity, and selectivity. , SWV sensors have low detection limit which are widely used for estimation of variety of drugs with high accuracy. Furthermore, the carbon paste electrode (CPE) is frequently used as a working electrode in electrochemical analysis owing to its low background current, ease of preparation, regeneration, low cost, compatibility with a wide range of modifier types, and ohmic resistance compared to other solid electrodes. − On the other way, the nanotechnology was introduced as a new strategy for improvement in the electrochemical sensor performance. Nanomaterials have recently been applied in tremendous sectors comprising food processing, novel fabric chemicals, agricultural production, and therapeutics.…”

“…For this reason, various working electrodes were fabricated; however, chromium-doped ZnO-NPs/CPE electrodes exhibited the best sensitivity and peaked current signals, especially when compared to the other sensors used in this investigation. Additionally, the CPE sensor has promising results, suggesting that the proposed sensors can selectivity detect and quantify the target analyte in low concentrations in the complex matrix, permitting its potential employment for the pharmacokinetics studies in various biological fluids of either animals or human samples. − One of the main goals of the suggested study is to replace the most used toxic solvents with more eco-friendly and less destructive alternatives; hence, the proposed method’s greenness was assessed by using the Analytical Eco-Scale methodology and green analytical procedure index (GAPI). Because of the low chromium ion percent (0.05 wt %), it was considered that Cr/ZnO-NPs are of low toxicity compared to many other nanometal oxides. , …”