A Highly Sensitive, Direct X‐Ray Detector Based on a Low‐Voltage Organic Field‐Effect Transistor

Lai, Stefano; Cosseddu, Piero; Basiricò, Laura; Ciavatti, Andrea; Bonfiglio, Annalisa

doi:10.1002/aelm.201600409

Cited by 41 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Solution‐processed, flexible, organic thin films–based semiconductors have been recently proposed as alternative novel material platforms for large‐area direct X‐ray detection . However, the low atomic number ( Z ) of this class of materials limits their energy radiation absorption coefficient.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of X‐Rays by Solution‐Processed Cesium‐Containing Mixed Triple Cation Perovskite Thin Films

Basiricò

Senanayak

Ciavatti

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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Materials and technology development for designing innovative and efficient X-ray radiation detectors is of utmost importance for a wide range of applications ranging from security to medical imaging. Here, highly sensitive direct X-ray detectors based on novel cesium (Cs)-based triple cation mixed halide perovskite thin films are reported. Despite being in a thin film form, the devices exhibit a remarkably high X-ray sensitivity of (3.7 ± 0.1) µC Gy −1 cm −2 under short-circuit conditions. At a small reverse bias of 0.4 V, the sensitivity further increases by orders of magnitude reaching a record value of (97 ± 1) µC Gy −1 cm −2 which surpasses state-of-the-art inorganic large-area detectors (a-Se and poly-CZT). Based on detailed structural, electrical, and spectroscopic investigations, the exceptional sensitivity of the triple cation Cs perovskite is attributed to its high ambipolar mobility-lifetime product as well as to the formation of a pure stable perovskite phase with a low degree of energetic disorder, due to an efficient solution-based alloying of individual n-and p-type perovskite semiconductors.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of X‐Rays by Solution‐Processed Cesium‐Containing Mixed Triple Cation Perovskite Thin Films

Basiricò

Senanayak

Ciavatti

et al. 2019

Adv Funct Materials

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“…Such strategies control the crystallinity and allow single crystals to be grown from solution with either p-type [64] or n-type [65] majority carriers. Such approaches have led to impressive mobility values of 10 −2 -10 −1 cm 2 V −1 s −1 [66]. The drawback of such approaches is the slow solution growth time, which will be difficult to scale to large-area printing fabrication.…”

Section: Tuning Crystallinitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Through a series of seminal papers, they have demonstrated the incorporation of a range of single-crystal OSC materials into organic thin film transistor structures that enable the direct detection of ionizing radiation at low bias voltages. These reports include OSC crystals utilizing TIPS-pentacene and rubrene [66,200], 1,5-dinitronaphthalene (DNN) [5], anthradithiophenes [201], Parylene C [66], and 4hydroxycyanobenzene (4HCB) [5]. Although these materials were crystallized slowly from the solution rather than fabricated with printing processes, the impressive results have shown a systematic improvement in sensitivity while consistently reducing the operating bias voltage under testing from a molybdenum X-ray source operating at 35 kV (Figure 7).…”

Section: Organic Semiconducting Molecular Crystalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Printable Organic Semiconductors for Radiation Detection: From Fundamentals to Fabrication and Functionality

et al. 2020

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The deployment of organic semiconducting materials for radiation detection is an emerging and highly attractive area of materials science research. These organic materials offer the enticing vision of technologies created from low-cost materials that can be printed on-demand with a range of different tailored optoelectronic functionalities. An explosion in the number of available materials, improved functionality of materials, and sophistication of solution-based device fabrication techniques for organic semiconductors in recent years have led to considerable opportunities for the utilization of organic materials in the detection of ionizing radiation. While the potential of organic semiconducting materials for low-cost radiation detection is clear, transitioning these printable materials to a commercial reality presents a significant scientific challenge. In this work, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the use of organic semiconductors for radiation detection. We discuss the fundamental physics of these materials and how their conduction mechanisms, including charge generation and charge transport, differ significantly from established inorganic semiconductors. Various strategies employed to control the nanostructure in organic semiconductors to optimize charge generation and transport for radiation detection are discussed. We provide insights into the strategies employed to fabricate organic semiconducting devices at industrially relevant scales using roll-to-roll solution processing and finally discuss existing examples of organic semiconducting materials utilized in the radiation detection arena.

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poor electromechanical coupling efficiency due to the reduced capacitive area for actuation and detection, as well as the tremendous stiffness increase of their structural components. The requirement of low voltage to actuate sensors and actuators imposed constraints on the design and the choice of material for sensors and actuators [22][23][24] and often complicates the circuit design in order to amplify the voltage. This however requires ultra-high actuation forces, which practically are not available.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Activation of Nanomechanical Resonators

Hafiz

Jaber

Kazmi

et al. 2018

Adv Elect Materials

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poor electromechanical coupling efficiency due to the reduced capacitive area for actuation and detection, as well as the tremendous stiffness increase of their structural components. Alternative to miniaturization to achieve higher operational frequencies is to exploit higher-order vibration modes of the nanostructures. This however requires ultra-high actuation forces, which practically are not available. Moreover, considerable interest has grown recently on exploiting nonlinear vibration phenomena for developing devices with superior performances, [20,21] which also requires large forcing. Active electronic components, amplifiers, can be used to boost the drive signal, however, it increases device footprint and fabrication cost. Also, state-of-the-art amplifiers are hindered by limited gain at high frequencies. The requirement of low voltage to actuate sensors and actuators imposed constraints on the design and the choice of material for sensors and actuators [22][23][24] and often complicates the circuit design in order to amplify the voltage. [25] Hence, it is fundamentally important to develop a methodology that efficiently excites nanoscale resonators with available low voltages, AC and DC, in electronic circuits and detect the generated motional signals produced by sub-nanometer scale vibrations with high signal-to-noise ratio.LC tank resonant circuits have been widely proposed for efficient coupling between different physical domains, such as, electrical, mechanical, and optical. [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34] An LC tank circuit based impedance matching technique was shown to be effective in probing a single and arrayed nanoscale resonators. [26] The LC tank resonance frequency, f LC , was matched with the mechanical resonance frequency, f m , enabling efficient radio frequency (RF) power coupling at resonance with the detection circuit. This facilitated the detection of individual nanoresonator response in an array by measuring the reflected signal, which was otherwise overwhelmed by the parasitic signal. Bagci et al. [27] used similar LC tank resonant circuit (f LC = f m ) to facilitate strong coupling between the radio waves and a nano-opto-electromechanical transducer at room temperature, and demonstrated the detection of weak radio wave signals with quantum-limited sensitivity. Sillanpää et al. [28] used a GHz frequency LC tank circuit (f LC >> f m ) to block the external wiring capacitances in the electrical readout circuit, and efficiently detected the nanoresonator response by monitoring the sideband voltage created by Electrostatically transduced nano-electromechanical system resonators operating in the very high and ultra-high frequency bands are promising for many practical applications. However, electrostatically transduced nanoscale devices commonly suffer from poor transduction efficiency due to the reduced capacitive area for actuation and detection. Also, the requirement of ultra-high actuation forces renders exploitation of their higher-order vibration modes and the desirable nonli...

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A Highly Sensitive, Direct X‐Ray Detector Based on a Low‐Voltage Organic Field‐Effect Transistor

Cited by 41 publications

References 38 publications

Detection of X‐Rays by Solution‐Processed Cesium‐Containing Mixed Triple Cation Perovskite Thin Films

Detection of X‐Rays by Solution‐Processed Cesium‐Containing Mixed Triple Cation Perovskite Thin Films

Printable Organic Semiconductors for Radiation Detection: From Fundamentals to Fabrication and Functionality

Efficient Activation of Nanomechanical Resonators

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