A Highly Sensitive and Long‐Term Stable Wearable Patch for Continuous Analysis of Biomarkers in Sweat

Abstract

Although increasing efforts have been devoted to the development of non‐invasive wearable electrochemical sweat sensors for monitoring physiological and metabolic information, most of them still suffer from poor stability and specificity over time and fluctuating temperatures. This study reports the design and fabrication of a long‐term stable and highly sensitive flexible electrochemical sensor based on nanocomposite‐modified porous graphene by facile laser treatment for detecting biomarkers such as glucose in sweat. The laser‐reduced and patterned stable conductive nanocomposite on the porous graphene electrode provides the resulting glucose sensor with an excellent sensitivity of 1317.69 µA mm−1 cm−2 and an ultra‐low limit of detection of 0.079 µm. The sensor can also detect pH and exhibit extraordinary stability to maintain more than 91% sensitivity over 21 days in ambient conditions. Taken together with a temperature sensor based on the same material system, the dual glucose and pH sensor integrated with a flexible microfluidic sweat sampling network further results in accurate continuous on‐body glucose detection calibrated by the simultaneously measured pH and temperature. The low‐cost, highly sensitive, and long‐term stable platform could facilitate the early identification and continuous monitoring of different biomarkers for non‐invasive disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation.

A review of nanomaterials for biosensing applications

“…8b and c). 122 Besides, the conductivity of GSs can be easily improved by doping with other materials. For example, amphiphilic filipin proteins consisting of glycine, alanine, and serine can form hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions with oxygen-containing groups on the GS surface.…”

“…Fig.8(a) The schematic diagram of a glucose sensor developed based on porous GS composites for continuous analysis of sweat 122. (b) The current responses and (c) the linear fitting curves of the designed sensors to glucose 122. (Copyright 2023, Wiley-VCH GmbH.)…”

Closely Packed Stretchable Ultrasound Array Fabricated with Surface Charge Engineering for Contactless Gesture and Materials Detection

“…The rapid growth and commercialization of the immersive augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) industry (with a cumulative annual growth rate of 25.3% to a reach market size of $114.5B by 2027) [1] demands improvement in the natural and intuitive communications between humans and machines. The human-robot interaction (HRI) has also gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential applications in various fields, including gaming, [2][3][4] healthcare, [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] and emergency rescues. [3,[13][14][15] As a primary mode to understand and mimic humanhuman interaction since the beginning of human cognition, hand gesture recognition (HGR) has been the holy grail of HRI because of its efficient communication in rugged environments that are difficult with verbal or facial expressions (e.g., construction sites and emergency rescues).…”

Portable glucose sensing analysis based on laser-induced graphene composite electrode

“… 31 With the development of machine learning technology, flexible electrochemical sensors are expected to obtain a large amount of physiological information, and create a high-dimensional and multi-level database through distributed sensing unit arrays. 32,33 Traditional energy supply units typically use commercial batteries directly, posing potential risks to the health of patients. Researchers have designed and developed various new wearable energy supply units to meet the demand for flexible and intelligent wearability, such as supercapacitor, triboelectric effect, biofuel cells, etc.…”