A High‐Performing Solution‐Processed Small Molecule:Perylene Diimide Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cell

Sharenko, Alexander; Proctor, Christopher M.; Poll, Thomas S. van der; Henson, Zachary B.; Nguyen, Thuc‐Quyen; Bazan, Guillermo C.

doi:10.1002/adma.201301167

Cited by 254 publications

(238 citation statements)

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“…The readers who are interested in other acceptors like polymers, nanocrystals, or perylene diimides are referred to some recent articles. [29][30][31][32][33][34] 2. From charge-transfer states to free charge carriers…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge generation in polymer–fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells

Gao

Inganäs

2014

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

204

252

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Charge generation in organic solar cells is a fundamental yet heavily debated issue. This article gives a balanced review of different mechanisms proposed to explain efficient charge generation in polymer-fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells. We discuss the effect of charge-transfer states, excess energy, external electric field, temperature, disorder of the materials, and delocalisation of the charge carriers on charge generation. Although a general consensus has not been reached yet, recent findings, based on both steady-state and transient measurements, have significantly advanced our understanding of this process.2

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Charge generation in polymer–fullerene bulk-heterojunction solar cells

Gao

Inganäs

2014

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

204

252

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“…[11][12][13][14][15] To this end, a few studies have qualitatively observed a positive correlation between increased structural order of donor molecules and hole mobility in SSM BHJ fi lms. [ 1,2,[16][17][18] However, the lack of a quantitative link between structural order and charge carrier mobility makes comparisons between material systems diffi cult and limits insights about how best to improve materials. A recent report also found that crystallization of the donor material can drive phase separation in SSM BHJ fi lms thereby enhancing the electron mobility as well-presumably due to enhanced connectivity of electron…”

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confidence: 99%

Understanding Charge Transport in Molecular Blend Films in Terms of Structural Order and Connectivity of Conductive Pathways

Proctor

Kher

Love

et al. 2016

Advanced Energy Materials

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conducting domains. [ 19 ] This concomitant increase of structural order and phase separation complicates efforts to decouple the effects of order and domain connectivity on charge transport. For that reason as well as the diffi culty of even qualitative measures of domain connectivity, it is generally unknown how much the connectivity of conductive domains, or lack thereof, limits the charge carrier mobility in SSM BHJ solar cells.In this communication, we report on the factors limiting charge carrier mobility in blend fi lms consisting of a range of molecular donor material systems ( Figure 1 A) using phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC 71 BM) as the electron acceptor. The donor materials considered in this study are]thiadiazole]) (T1) each of which has been reported on previously with peak power conversion effi ciencies ranging from 3% to 7%. [20][21][22] Previous studies hinted that the charge transport properties of these material systems respond differently to the ratio of donor to acceptor in the blend fi lm with a much greater dependence on donor content observed in SM2:PC 71 BM and H1:PC 71 BM than in T1:PC 71 BM fi lms. [ 5,22 ] Here, we delineate the effects of order and domain connectivity on charge carrier mobility by incrementally varying the weight ratio of donor to acceptor. The varying trends in hole and electron mobilities for each system indicate the presence of multiple processes governing charge transport. Using a combination of grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) and temperature dependent mobility measurements, it is found that structural order in the π-π stacking direction is a key determinant of the activation energy for hole transport. Furthermore, this combinatorial approach reveals that the electrical connectivity between domains can vary widely between material systems and in many cases is the primary limitation to charge carrier mobility in blend fi lms. These fi ndings offer unique insight into the factors limiting charge carrier mobility in SSM blend fi lms and thus solar cell performance.To start, hole and electron mobilities were determined from the current-voltage response of single-carrier diodes made using blend fi lms with 0% to 100% donor content. As SSM BHJ fi lms are highly sensitive to processing conditions, only the weight ratio of donor to acceptor was varied while the choice of solvent(s) and thermal processing was held constant Solution processed small molecule-based bulk heterojunction (SSM BHJ) solar cells have emerged as a promising technology with recent reports of power conversion effi ciencies (PCEs) exceeding 9% for a variety of molecular architectures. [1][2][3][4] The steady rise in performance of SSM BHJ solar cells has been well documented and is known to largely be a result of improved charge carrier mobility. [ 5 ] Indeed, charge carrier mobility has been identifi ed as one of the most critical parameters for continued improvement of both small molecule and polymer based solar cells. [6][7][8][9][10] Despite this progress, the under...

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“…Compared with fullerene acceptors, nonfullerene acceptors present some advantages, such as broad and strong absorption, adjustable LUMO energy levels, and long‐term stability. In recent years, FF‐OSCs developed quickly21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42 and achieved PCEs of up to 6.8% 25…”

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confidence: 99%