A high-performance amperometric sensor based on a monodisperse Pt–Au bimetallic nanoporous electrode for determination of hydrogen peroxide released from living cells

PC-12 Cell Line as a Neuronal Cell Model for Biosensing Applications

“…The main focus was to achieve low detection limits, due to the fact that concentration of DA is extremely low in patients with neurological diseases [ 39 ]. In this context, PC-12 cell lines play an important role in the detection of DA in vivo, with several optical [ 40 , 41 , 42 ], electrochemical biosensing systems, fixed potential amperometry [ 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ] and voltametric ones [ 52 , 53 , 54 ], and electrical devices [ 55 , 56 ] being investigated, with great potential for diagnostic purposes being demonstrated.…”

“…Several electrochemical biosensors were reported for DA detection in PC-12 cells, most of them using fixed potential amperometry [ 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ] and voltammetry [ 52 , 53 , 54 ].…”

“…Other amperometric arrays use a microfluidic sensor based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs)-modified indium tin oxide (ITO) microelectrodes for DA detection in single living rat pheochromocytoma (PC 12) cells [ 48 ], while the microdialysis-amperometric system reported in [ 49 ] uses high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC–EC) [ 49 ], and the scale-integrated amperometric sensor in [ 50 ] was able to image simultaneously the DA release from PC-12 cells. Besides the amperometric detection assays exemplified above, which operated at relatively low overvoltage of around +0.3 V, another assay based on micro graphitic-diamond multi electrode arrays was applied for the detection of DA released form PC-12 cells under K + stimulation at a higher overvoltage of +0.65 V [ 51 ].…”

“…An important applicability was achieved by the amperometric biosensor in [ 47 ] which was able to evaluate the effects of antipsychotic drug (aripiprazole) on the dopamine release from cells treated with high K + and by the paper-based one in [ 46 ] which monitored the DA released from damaged PC12 cells induced by amyloid-beta peptide (Aβ 25–35 ) and cell intervene models protected by curcumin and marrow mesenchymal stem cells. The sensing platform developed in [ 49 ] also showed an important applicability in studying the effects of different drugs on DA secretion with the device in [ 50 ] exemplifying the effects of the dopaminergic drugs l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) on the DA levels released form the PC-12 cells.…”

“…In addition to neurotransmitters, hydrogen peroxide release plays an important physiological role in cell-to-cell signal transduction, and amperometric detection at gold, platinum, and/or graphene transductors is generally preferred. Using a three-dimensional nanoporous gold electrode decorated with ultra-thin platinum nanoparticles, a wide linear range, from 0.05 μM till 7.37 mM, for the amperometric determination of H 2 O 2 , at an applied potential of −0.4 V, was obtained [ 49 ]. A limit of detection of 1.5 × 10 −8 mol/L and a high sensitivity of 1.125 μAμM −1 cm −2 were achieved.…”