A H9N2 Human Case and Surveillance of Avian Influenza Viruses in Live Poultry Markets — Huizhou City, Guangdong Province, China, 2021

Abstract

What is already known about this topic?An increasing number of human infected avian influenza A (H9N2) cases have been reported. In 2021, 11 human infections with influenza A virus subtype H9N2 (A/H9N2) have been reported in China. What is added by this report?A new case of H9N2 that occurred in April 2021 in Huizhou City, Guangdong Province, China, was reported in this study. Epidemiological and laboratory information of the case and routine influenza surveillance data of avian influenza A were presented in this report. What are the implications for public health practice?The emergence of a human infected with Avian Influenza Virus H9N2 demonstrates that there is an urgent need to strengthen the surveillance of influenzalike illness and live poultry market.

An overview of avian influenza surveillance strategies and modes

“…This process involves the collection and examination of varied sample types including feces, soil, water, avian feed sources, feathers, and surface swabs [ 49 ]. In China, surveillance measures entail the collection of poultry feces and surface wipes from live poultry markets, major poultry farms, areas densely populated by independent poultry farmers, poultry slaughter and processing houses, and both rural and urban wild bird habitats [ 39 , 50 , 51 ]. Typically, environmental surveillance pertaining to wild birds involves the collection and examination of feces, water, sediment or soil, and surface swabs [ 52 ].…”

Modelling morbidity for neglected tropical diseases: the long and winding road from cumulative exposure to long-term pathology

“…It is unclear whether the prevalence of O. viverrini in other endemic countries, such as Lao PDR, Cambodia and Myanmar, is stable, increasing or decreasing at a national level [ 110 , 111 ]. Long-term survey data for C. sinensis in Guangdong province, China reports a substantial decline in prevalence from 65% in 1988–1992; however, the prevalence has remained broadly stable in the period 1998–2021 and remains more than 10% in certain localities [ 112 ].…”

Experimental co–infection of infectious bronchitis and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H9N2) aggravates morbidity and mortality in commercial broiler chickens

“…These viruses are classified into subtypes based on surface glycoproteins [5, 6], and they are further divided into two categories based on pathogenicity: high pathogenic and low pathogenic AIV [7]. Due to its pandemic potential and severe outbreaks caused in the last decades the low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H9N2) have been vastly studied [8]. In Pakistan, the AIV subtype H9N2 was first time isolated from a breeder flock in 1998 [9].…”