“…Usually the frequency of this vibration is decreased in the presence of hydrogen bond. The characteristic bands at 1611, 1548-1526 and 1496 cm −1 are assigned to C-N stretching [23]. Metformin has strong absorption bands at 1840 and 1818 cm -1 which are due to C=N stretching vibrations.…”
“…The electrophilic regions were appreciated at NH groups (atoms 5 and 9) and nucleophilic regions were localized in the NH (atom 17) between carbons 4 and 7. Table 4 shows the FTIR results of metformin using AM1 and PM3 method respectively, where two characteristic bands of metformin were observed between 3615-3533 and 3446-3420 cm −1 relative to the NH primary stretching vibration so of NH secondary stretching [20][21][22][23]. Usually the frequency of this vibration is decreased in the presence of hydrogen bond.…”
The metformin structure was analyzed using Hyperchem software to determine the structural properties for absorption process in chitosan cross linking with genipin for medical applications. The theoretical calculations were Gibbs free energy, electrostatic potential and FTIR spectroscopy. Optimized structures and their molecular electrostatic potentials were calculated using the AM1 and PM3 method, and the results were used to calculate the molecular interactions of metformin. The quantitative structure-property relationship model was also used to estimate the activity of the chemicals on the basis their molecular structures. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy reveals information about the metformin properties. The molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) is a powerful tool that has provided insights into intermolecular association and molecular properties of small molecules, for example, actions of drug molecules and their analogs. The nucleophilic and electrophilic regions were calculated using the MESP. The Log P value (P is the partition coefficient of the molecule in the wateroctanol system), showed the hydrophobic character of drug.
“…Usually the frequency of this vibration is decreased in the presence of hydrogen bond. The characteristic bands at 1611, 1548-1526 and 1496 cm −1 are assigned to C-N stretching [23]. Metformin has strong absorption bands at 1840 and 1818 cm -1 which are due to C=N stretching vibrations.…”
“…The electrophilic regions were appreciated at NH groups (atoms 5 and 9) and nucleophilic regions were localized in the NH (atom 17) between carbons 4 and 7. Table 4 shows the FTIR results of metformin using AM1 and PM3 method respectively, where two characteristic bands of metformin were observed between 3615-3533 and 3446-3420 cm −1 relative to the NH primary stretching vibration so of NH secondary stretching [20][21][22][23]. Usually the frequency of this vibration is decreased in the presence of hydrogen bond.…”
The metformin structure was analyzed using Hyperchem software to determine the structural properties for absorption process in chitosan cross linking with genipin for medical applications. The theoretical calculations were Gibbs free energy, electrostatic potential and FTIR spectroscopy. Optimized structures and their molecular electrostatic potentials were calculated using the AM1 and PM3 method, and the results were used to calculate the molecular interactions of metformin. The quantitative structure-property relationship model was also used to estimate the activity of the chemicals on the basis their molecular structures. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy reveals information about the metformin properties. The molecular electrostatic potential (MESP) is a powerful tool that has provided insights into intermolecular association and molecular properties of small molecules, for example, actions of drug molecules and their analogs. The nucleophilic and electrophilic regions were calculated using the MESP. The Log P value (P is the partition coefficient of the molecule in the wateroctanol system), showed the hydrophobic character of drug.
“…Several analytical methods including GC-MS, HPLC-MS-MS, NMR, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, electronic nose and voltammetric analysis are available for the quality assurance of vegetable oils and fats [3,9]. Over the last 20 years, FT-IR spectroscopy has been widely used in research related to various fields due to substantial improvements in FT-IR spectroscopic instrumentation [10][11][12][13][14]. In the study of edible oils and fats, FT-IR has been recognized as an authoritative analytical tool.…”
Lard is defined as animal fat acquired from the adipose tissue of pigs and is not permitted for human consumption or external use by certain religions such as Islam and Judaism. Due to its low-cost availability for commercial use, it is often mixed with other vegetable oils mistakenly or deliberately and causes loss of consumer trust; hence, its detection in food products is essential. Consumers tend to know the authenticity of commercially available edible oils. However, edible oils are subjected to adulteration risks with lard, which breaches consumer rights. In the present study, we designed a transmission Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR)-based method for the rapid detection of lard in sunflower, canola, coconut, olive, and mustard oils. For this purpose, the selected oils were adulterated with lard in different concentration ratios (10:0, 9:1, 7:3, 6:4, 4:6, 3:7, 0:10). A single calibration model was developed for 35 standards (seven standards from each individual five oils) in the frequency range between 1078.01 and 1246.75 cm −1 to determine the relationship between actual adulterant concentration and FT-IR predicted concentrations using a partial least squares (PLS) method. The results of the present study indicated that FT-IR in combination with PLS has the potential to evaluate adulteration of edible oils with lard through single calibration as a rapid, nondestructive, and effective alternative method.
“…Surfactant of concentration 1.8% w/w of Tween 80 solution was poured into the mixture using a magnetic stirrer setted at 800 rpm for not more than 15-20 minutes which was then cooled to room temperature, filtered and then washing has to be done so as to get spherical shaped microspheres after air drying [11].…”
Section: Formulation Of Cbz Microsphere (Table 1)mentioning
Objectives: The objective behind the study is to develop a mucoadhesive rectal hydrogel from carbamazepine (CBZ) -rice bran wax (RBW) microspheres for the purpose of controlled release for the treatment of epilepsy.
Methods:The study was conducted to formulate controlled release rectal hydrogel loaded with CBZ -RBW microspheres in two different natural polymers, RBW and collagen which are prepared by modified cooling induced solidification method and gel preparation along with their evaluation studies.Results: A thorough analysis of the optimized gel revealed that all the evaluation parameters evaluated are within the acceptable limits. Further, the optimized microsphere formulation (M5) was used to formulate it as rectal hydrogel using polymer collagen and was characterized. The mucoadhesion time of 25% w/w collagen hydrogel (H4) was 565 minutes, allowing the loaded microspheres to be attached on rectal mucosa. In vitro drug release from the mucoadhesive hydrogel formulations showed controlled drug release pattern with a maximum drug release of 96.45±0.35% for optimized H4 formulation after 12 hr, followed zero order release pattern with diffusion mediated Higuchi model. Ex vivo permeation studies using bovine rectal mucosa revealed that H4 formulation showed greater permeability compared to control. Histopathological findings revealed that H4 formulation is safer for rectal administration without any signs of rectal irritancy. The stability studies of optimized formulation (H4) proved that hydrogel remained stable over a wide range of temperature condition.
Conclusion:Hence, the developed rectal hydrogel formulation seems to be a viable alternative to conventional drug delivery system for the effective management of epilepsy.
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