A Green and Efficient Method for the Preconcentration and Determination of Gallic Acid, Bergenin, Quercitrin, and Embelin from Ardisia japonica Using Nononic Surfactant Genapol X-080 as the Extraction Solvent

Abstract

A simple cloud point preconcentration method was developed and validated for the determination of gallic acid, bergenin, quercitrin, and embelin in Ardisia japonica by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using ultrasonic assisted micellar extraction. Nonionic surfactant Genapol X-080 was selected as the extraction solvent. The effects of various experimental conditions such as the type and concentration of surfactant and salt, temperature, and solution pH on the extraction of these components were studied to optimize the conditions of Ardisia japonica. The solution was incubated in a thermostatic water bath at 60°C for 10 min, and 35% NaH2PO4 (w/v) was added to the solution to promote the phase separation and increase the preconcentration factor. The intraday and interday precision (RSD) were both below 5.0% and the limits of detection (LOD) for the analytes were between 10 and 20 ng·mL−1. The proposed method provides a simple, efficient, and organic solvent-free method to analyze gallic acid, bergenin, quercitrin, and embelin for the quality control of Ardisia japonica.

Optoregulated Drug Release from an Engineered Living Hydrogel

“…This compound is used as a green emulsifier and solubilizer in personal care applications, and was chosen due to its capability to extract natural products from cells and tissues. [41][42][43] In the presence of increasing concentrations of Gen (0-1% w/v), increasing amounts of dVio were detected in the supernatant (Figure 2b). At 1% w/v Gen complete clearance of dVio from the bacterial pellet was observed (Figure 2a).…”

Preconcentration of morphine in urine sample using a green and solvent-free microextraction method

“…Some of the most important advantages of plant-based analyte extraction in comparison with conventional chemical methods include fewer environmental damages due to fewer solvent use, cost-effective procedure especially in mass production, and no further necessity to use high temperature, pressure, and other hazardous chemicals during preparation of the fiber [19]. Nowadays, plant-based extraction techniques are used for extraction and preconcentration of highquality natural products from plant in addition to their byproducts [20][21][22]. It has been reported that biodegradable aminophenol-functionalized resin can be used for green determination and preconcentration of metal ions including copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) in drinking tap water [23].…”

Comparative Evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti‐Inflammatory Activity of Active Compounds Identified in Ardisia elliptica Extracts from Different Plant Parts

“…Bergenin is a phenolic compound that contributed to the highest total phenolic content in the root extract (Table 1). Chen et al [5] reported that bergenin contributed the most to the highest total phenolic content, followed by embelin, quercetin, and gallic acid in A. japonica collected from different regions in China. Interestingly, embelin was determined only in the fruits (13.30 � 0.96 mg/g DW); it could not be analyzed in other parts of AE because the value was lower than the limit of quantitation (LOQ).…”

“…Separation of bergenin, embelin, and quercetin was accomplished using Purosphere® STAR RP-18 endcapped column (250 × 4 mm). The HPLC conditions described by Chen et al [5] were followed, with some modifications. The mobile phase consisted of acetic acid (0.1 %) in water (A) and acetonitrile (B) with gradient conditions of B: 5 % (0-5 min), 15 % (5-8 min,), 50 % (8-20 min), 80 % (20-25 min), and 100 % (25-29 min).…”

“…[4] The phytochemical constituents present in A. japonica have been identified as gallic acid, bergenin, quercetin, and embelin. [5] Bergenin is an isocoumarin, which exhibits various biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimalarial activity. [6 -8] Quercetin is one of the major flavonoids found abundantly in majority of edible vegetables and fruits.…”