A Gradient-Based Dynamic Load Balance Data Forwarding Method for Multi-sink Wireless Sensor Networks

Cheng, Rei-Heng; Peng, Shiuan-Yea; Huang, Chun-Chieh

doi:10.1109/apscc.2008.209

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Computing MST requires a global knowledge about the network and has a high cost when it is attempted to be computed in a distributed manner. [5] A gradient based data forwarding protocol built cost fields for every node at first [6], [7]. The cost field of a node contains the least hop count or cost from the node to the sink.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Localized Routing Protocols Based on Minimum Balanced Tree in Wireless Sensor Networks

Huang

Cheng

et al. 2009

2009 Fifth International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Networks

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Reducing energy consumption and prolonging lifetime of network to reduce the amount of packet loss are important issues in wireless sensor networks. Many researches derive the minimum hop path for each sensor to transmit its corresponding data to the sink. The sensors in the path forward the data. However, some common sensors in many forwarding paths will consume much more energy, and then they will die soon. Besides, the establishment and maintenance of the above routing need the whole information of the network, and this will consume more energy in gathering and synchronizing the locations of all sensors. In this paper, each sensor using the information of neighboring sensors derives the minimum hop path to the sink, and with the knowledge of the loading of its up-streaming sensors, it selects the minimum loaded sensor for its first sensor to transmit to. In this way, the loading of each sensor will be balanced. The above routing derives minimum balanced tree (MBT). This data structure will be adjusted locally while some sensors change their statuses in the network such that the control overhead needed to adjust is much less than to reconstruct all over again. Some results of simulated experimentations are shown in this paper.

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Localized Routing Protocols Based on Minimum Balanced Tree in Wireless Sensor Networks

Huang

Cheng

et al. 2009

2009 Fifth International Conference on Mobile Ad-Hoc and Sensor Networks

Self Cite

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“…Hence, node i transmits its data with its gradient, and then, when node j receives a packet from its neighboring node i, node j determines whether to forward the received packet, based on its residual energy as well as gradients of node i and itself. Some protocols are similar to SGF (see [7,8]). …”

Section: B1 Using 1-hop Neighboring Informationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Given paths providing lower gradients than a current gradient of node i, GLOBAL allows node i to designate only the path whose hop count is not larger than s_hcnt+K as its new path. To do so, when node i receives a duplicate ADV packet, it first calculates the gradient g of the newly discovered path after updating its REDR using Equation 8.…”

Section: B Gradient Field Establishmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Until now, several gradient-based protocols have been proposed to achieve such load balancing [6][7][8][9][10][11]. They can be categorized into two classes as shown in Figure 1: (a) protocols that exploit the traffic load information of a forwarder's 1-hop neighbor nodes, and (b) protocols that utilize the cumulative traffic load information of sensor nodes over a path from a sensor node to the sink.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A scalable multi-sink gradient-based routing protocol for traffic load balancing

Yoo

Shim

Kim

2011

J Wireless Com Network

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Wireless sensor networks have been assumed to consist of a single sink and multiple sensor nodes which do not have mobility. In these networks, sensor nodes near the sink dissipate their energy so fast due to their many-toone traffic pattern, and finally they die early. This uneven energy depletion phenomenon known as the hot spot problem becomes more serious as the number of sensor nodes (i.e., their scale) increases. Recently, multi-sink wireless sensor networks have been envisioned to solve the hot spot problem. Gradient routing protocols are known to be appropriate for the networks in that network traffic is evenly distributed to multiple sinks to prolong network lifetime and they are scalable. Each node maintains its gradient representing the direction toward a neighbor node to reach one of the sinks. In particular, existing protocols allow a sensor node to construct its gradient using the cumulative traffic load of a path for load balancing. However, they have a critical drawback that a sensor node cannot efficiently avoid using the path with the most overloaded node. Hence, this paper introduces a new Gradient routing protocol for LOad-BALancing (GLOBAL) with a new gradient model to maximize network lifetime. The proposed gradient model considers both of the cumulative path load and the traffic load of the most overloaded node over the path in calculating each node's gradient value. Therefore, packets are forwarded over the least-loaded path, which avoids the most overloaded node. In addition, it is known that assigning a unique address to each sensor node causes much communication overhead. Since the overhead increases as the network scales, routing protocols using an address to indicate the receiver in forwarding a packet are not scalable. Thus, GLOBAL also includes an addressing-free data forwarding strategy. Through ns-2 simulation, we verify that GLOBAL achieves better performance than the shortest path routing and load-aware gradient routing ones.

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“…Authors in [14] proposed a tolerance mechanism to balance the loading of sensors in networks. Sensors in the tolerance area could change their forwarding routes to other sinks while events might be triggered nonuniformly to result in heavy traffic or much energy consumption for sensors in a specific area.…”

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confidence: 99%

Enhancing Network Availability by Tolerance Control in Multi-Sink Wireless Sensor Network

Huang

Cheng

Chen

et al. 2010

2010 2nd International Conference on Information Technology Convergence and Services

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The limited energy in wireless sensor network has always been a key topic. Most previous studies usually regulate the network loading by periodically directing the data flow to different sinks in order to extend the overall life-time of network and enhance the network availability or data delivery. However, the time and place that an event occurred can not be estimated, thus regular information flow switching may not be able to balance the actual loading of network. Another, multiple paths to sinks for each node are established in the tolerance area defined by a pre-defined difference between the cost, i.e. hop counts away from sinks, of paths to different sinks such that each node in-between multiple sinks can distribute the forwarding burden among the paths to different sinks. Since sending data to a farther sink consumes much more overall energy of network, the gain of data delivery should be evaluated at the sacrifice of energy consumption. In this paper, a quantized model is proposed to evaluate the tradeoff between energy consumption and data delivery under non-uniformly events triggering in network. The tradeoff between network availability and energy consumption would be analyzed and the corresponding simulation results would be included.

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A Gradient-Based Dynamic Load Balance Data Forwarding Method for Multi-sink Wireless Sensor Networks

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

Localized Routing Protocols Based on Minimum Balanced Tree in Wireless Sensor Networks

Localized Routing Protocols Based on Minimum Balanced Tree in Wireless Sensor Networks

A scalable multi-sink gradient-based routing protocol for traffic load balancing

Enhancing Network Availability by Tolerance Control in Multi-Sink Wireless Sensor Network

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