A Gold‐Catalyzed Cascade Reaction Involving an Unusual Intramolecular Redox Process

Abstract

This study focuses on the effect of projected changes in rainfall, snow accumulation and snowmelt, and consequent changes in the timing of runoff on NYC water supply system storage and operation as simulated by the NYC reservoir system Operational Analysis and Simulation of Integrated Systems (OASIS) model. The Generalized Watershed Loading Functions—Variable Source Area (GWLF‐VSA)—watershed model is used with future climate scenarios derived from different General Circulation Models (GCMs) to simulate future inflows to reservoirs that are part of the New York City Water Supply System (NYCWSS). Future scenarios that use current system operation rules and demands, but changed reservoir inflows, suggest that changes in precipitation and snowmelt will affect regional water availability on a seasonal basis. The combined effect of projected increases in winter air temperatures, increased winter rain, and earlier snowmelt may result in more runoff during winter. This will cause reservoir storage levels, water releases and spills to increase during the winter and earlier reservoir refill in the spring. An overall increase in precipitation will result in a reduction in number of days the system is under drought conditions, despite increased evapotranspiration later in the year. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Scalable Total Synthesis of (−)‐Berkelic Acid by Using a Protecting‐Group‐Free Strategy

“…[10] In fact, we found that the reaction proceeded in the presence of 5 mol % of AgOTf. Our experience in cycloisomerization reactions indicated that our desired transformation could be catalyzed by a metallic complex derived from typical carbophilic Lewis acids.…”

“…Our experience in cycloisomerization reactions indicated that our desired transformation could be catalyzed by a metallic complex derived from typical carbophilic Lewis acids. [10] In fact, we found that the reaction proceeded in the presence of 5 mol % of AgOTf. To avoid possible decomposition of compound 4 as a result of the presence of the new reactive pyran ring, we directly performed the hydrogenation of the carbon-carbon double bond of this pyran ring under conventional conditions (Scheme 3).…”

CH Bond Functionalization through Intramolecular Hydride Transfer

“…In a 2009 study, Barluenga and co‐workers observed that the Au + ‐catalyzed addition of indole 168 to alkyne 169 was accompanied by an internal redox isomerization to form saturated ketone 170 (Scheme ) 68. This process was generalized to include substituted indole, pyrrole, and various alkynol substrates forming the desired products in excellent yields.…”

Unexpected C–C Bond Formation with a Ferrocenyl Fischer Carbene Complex

“…This field has matured into well-established applications in organic synthesis. [2][3][4][5][6] For example, treating vinyl or aryl-substituted alkoxy carbenes with alkynes yields phenols and naphthols, respectively (Scheme 1a, Dötz benzannulation reaction). [7][8][9][10][11][12][13] Carbenes with 1,3-difluorphenyl-, cyclopropyl or ferrocenyl substituents furnish cyclobutenones (or cyclopentenones) in the presence of alkynes (Scheme 1a, Zora).…”