A goal activation approach to the study of executive function: An application to antisaccade tasks

Nieuwenhuis, Sander; Broerse, A.; Nielen, M.; Jong, Ritske de

doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2003.12.002

Cited by 82 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Similarly, increased antisaccade errors reported in healthy elderly participants (e.g. Eenshuistra et al, 2004, Nieuwenhuis et al, 2004 have been attributed to lower activation of task goals within working memory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our results support the suggestion that nicotine has a facilitatory effect on endogenous, but not exogenous, processes during antisaccade performance. In other words, nicotine may be increasing activity in the neural systems responsible for initiating the correct antisaccade response (Nieuwenhuis et al, 2004;Munoz & Everling, 2004) over and above any influence they have on activity in the neural systems responsible for target detection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The antisaccade task as an index of sustained goal activation in working memory: modulation by nicotine

2006

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Article (Unspecified) http://sro.sussex.ac.uk Rycroft, Nicola, Hutton, Samuel B. and Rusted, Jennifer M. (2006) The antisaccade task as an index of sustained goal activation in working memory: modulation by nicotine. Psychopharmacology, 188 (4). pp. [521][522][523][524][525][526][527][528][529] This version is available from Sussex Research Online: http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/738/ This document is made available in accordance with publisher policies and may differ from the published version or from the version of record. If you wish to cite this item you are advised to consult the publisher's version. Please see the URL above for details on accessing the published version. Copyright and reuse:Sussex Research Online is a digital repository of the research output of the University.Copyright and all moral rights to the version of the paper presented here belong to the individual author(s) and/or other copyright owners. To the extent reasonable and practicable, the material made available in SRO has been checked for eligibility before being made available.Copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. Recent models of antisaccade performance suggest that errors are more likely to occur when the intention to initiate an antisaccade is insufficiently activated within working memory. Nicotine has been shown to enhance specific working memory processes in healthy adults. We explored the effect of nicotine on antisaccade performance in a large sample (N=44) of young adult smokers. Minimally abstinent participants attended two test sessions and were asked to smoke one of their own cigarettes between baseline and retest during one session only.Nicotine reduced antisaccade errors and correct antisaccade latencies if delivered before optimum performance levels are achieved, suggesting that nicotine supports the activation of intentions in working memory during task performance. The implications of this research for current theoretical accounts of antisaccade performance, and for interpreting the increased rate of antisaccade errors found in some psychiatric patient groups are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The antisaccade task as an index of sustained goal activation in working memory: modulation by nicotine

2006

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“…That is, rather than the previous error resulting in elevated baseline activation in the prosaccade pathway on the current trial, goal neglect could result in lowered baseline activation in the antisaccade pathway (see also Nieuwenhuis, Broerse, Nielen and de Jong, 2004). Whether arising from pathway-specific priming or goal neglect, we find that this effect frequently persisted beyond the timescale of a single trial: sequences of consecutive errors were common, and, critically, the probability of making an error on any given trial increased dramatically with the number of erroneous preceding trials (Table 2).…”

Section: Increased Error Rates After Errorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trial by trial effects in the antisaccade task

Tatler

Hutton

2006

Exp Brain Res

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The antisaccade task requires participants to inhibit the reflexive tendency to look at a sudden onset target and instead direct their gaze to the opposite hemifield. As such it provides a convenient tool with which to investigate the cognitive and neural systems that support goaldirected behaviour. Recent models of cognitive control suggest that antisaccade performance on a single trial should vary as a function of the outcome (correct antisaccade or erroneous prosaccade) of the previous trial. In addition, repetition priming effects suggest that the spatial location of the target on the previous trial may also influence current trial performance. Thus an analysis of contingency effects in antisaccade performance may provide new insights into the factors that influence the monitoring and modulation of the antisaccade task and other ongoing behaviours. Using a multilevel modelling analysis we explored previous trial effects on current trial performance in a large antisaccade dataset. We found (1) repetition priming effects following correct antisaccades; (2) contrary to models of cognitive control antisaccade error rates were increased on trials following an error, suggesting that failures to adequately maintain the task goal can persist across more than one trial; and (3) current trial latencies varied according to the previous trial outcome (correct antisaccade, slowly corrected error or rapidly corrected error). These results are discussed in terms of current models of antisaccade performance and cognitive control and further demonstrate the utility of multilevel modelling for providing a powerful statistical technique for analysing antisaccade data.

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“…Some reviewers have suggested that antisaccade deficits in schizophrenia index deficits in attentional control leading to difficulties with goal directed behaviour more generally (Nieuwenhuis et al, 2004;Reuter & Kathmann, 2004). In this view, antisaccade deficits may arise from a general difficulty with goal neglect, operationalised by Duncan (1995) as the tendency to disregard task requirements even though they are understood and remembered.…”

Section: Response Inhibition and Attentional Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do antisaccade deficits in schizophrenia provide evidence of a specific inhibitory function?

Donohoe

Reilly

Clarke

et al. 2006

J. Inter. Neuropsych. Soc.

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Background: Despite its inhibitory control requirements, antisaccade deficits have been consistently associated with working memory impairments in schizophrenia. We investigated whether variance in antisaccade performance could be better accounted for in terms of a specific inhibitory function. Method: We assessed 48 clinically stable out-patients with schizophrenia on an antisaccade task, as well as on measures of spatial and verbal working memory, sustained selective attention, and a simple motoric go0no-go measure of response inhibition. Results: In a stepwise multiple regression analysis, go0no-go task performance accounted for a considerably greater percentage of variance in antisaccade performance (25.3%) than either working memory (8.4%) or sustained selective attention task (9.1%). Discussion: We conclude that antisaccade deficits in schizophrenia appear to be better understood in terms of a specific deficit of inhibitory control than in terms of more general difficulties with context maintenance or goal neglect. (JINS, 2006, 12, 901-906.)

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A goal activation approach to the study of executive function: An application to antisaccade tasks

Cited by 82 publications

References 51 publications

The antisaccade task as an index of sustained goal activation in working memory: modulation by nicotine

The antisaccade task as an index of sustained goal activation in working memory: modulation by nicotine

Trial by trial effects in the antisaccade task

Do antisaccade deficits in schizophrenia provide evidence of a specific inhibitory function?

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