A glycobiology review: Carbohydrates, lectins and implications in cancer therapeutics

Ghazarian, Haike; Idoni, Brian; Oppenheimer, Steven B.

doi:10.1016/j.acthis.2010.02.004

Cited by 370 publications

(265 citation statements)

References 143 publications

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“…There are four different classes of organic molecules: proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and carbohydrates (Ghazarian et al, 2010). Out of the four principal biological molecules, carbohydrates are most abundantly found in nature and are synthesized and metabolized by almost every organism (Ghazarian et al, 2010).…”

Section: Carbohydratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Involvement of l(–)-rhamnose in sea urchin gastrulation: a live embryo assay

Smith

Oppenheimer

2013

Zygote

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SummaryThe sea urchin embryo is a National Institutes of Health model system that has provided major developments, and is important in human health and disease. To obtain initial insights to identify glycans that mediate cellular interactions, Lytechinus pictus sea urchin embryos were incubated at 24 or 30 h post-fertilization with 0.0009–0.03 M alpha-cyclodextrin, melibiose, l(–)-rhamnose, trehalose, d(+)-xylose or l(–)-xylose in lower-calcium artificial sea water (pH 8.0, 15°C), which speeds the entry of molecules into the interior of the embryos. While α-cyclodextrin killed the embryos, and l(–)-xylose had small effects at one concentration tested, l(–)-rhamnose caused substantially increased numbers of unattached archenterons and exogastrulated embryos at low glycan concentrations after 18–24 h incubation with the sugar. The results were statistically significant compared with the control embryos in the absence of sugar (P < 0.05). The other sugars (melibiose, trehalose, d(+)-xylose) had no statistically significant effects whatsoever at any of the concentrations tested. In total, in the current study, 39,369 embryos were examined. This study is the first demonstration that uses a live embryo assay for a likely role for l(–)-rhamnose in sea urchin gastrula cellular interactions, which have interested investigators for over a century.

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Section: Carbohydratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Out of the four principal biological molecules, carbohydrates are most abundantly found in nature and are synthesized and metabolized by almost every organism (Ghazarian et al, 2010).…”

Section: Carbohydratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Involvement of l(–)-rhamnose in sea urchin gastrulation: a live embryo assay

Smith

Oppenheimer

2013

Zygote

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“…Carbohydrate structures are found conjugated to lipids and proteins as glycans or as repeating glycosaminoglycan chains in proteoglycans and these exert different functions on different size scales. These include recognition events at the cellular level and control of both intracellular trafficking and quality control of folding events at the level of individual proteins [29,30]. Proteoglycans in particular are a major constituent of the extracellular matrix and are essential to tissue architecture [31].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glycosylation of extracellular vesicles: current knowledge, tools and clinical perspectives

Williams

Royo

Aizpurua‐Olaizola

et al. 2018

J of Extracellular Vesicle

194

163

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It is now acknowledged that extracellular vesicles (EVs) are important effectors in a vast number of biological processes through intercellular transfer of biomolecules. Increasing research efforts in the EV field have yielded an appreciation for the potential role of glycans in EV function. Indeed, recent reports show that the presence of glycoconjugates is involved in EV biogenesis, in cellular recognition and in the efficient uptake of EVs by recipient cells. It is clear that a full understanding of EV biology will require researchers to focus also on EV glycosylation through glycomics approaches. This review outlines the major glycomics techniques that have been applied to EVs in the context of the recent findings. Beyond understanding the mechanisms by which EVs mediate their physiological functions, glycosylation also provides opportunities by which to engineer EVs for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Studies characterising the glycan composition of EVs have highlighted glycome changes in various disease states, thus indicating potential for EV glycans as diagnostic markers. Meanwhile, glycans have been targeted as molecular handles for affinity-based isolation in both research and clinical contexts. An overview of current strategies to exploit EV glycosylation and a discussion of the implications of recent findings for the burgeoning EV industry follows the below review of glycomics and its application to EV biology.

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“…N-acetyl galactosamine is also commonly found in mucins (Varki et al, 2009). Gal β1,4 GlcNAc, which is the second or third most abundant glycan in S. epidermidis biofilm (Bales et al, 2013), also constitutes the core of blood group carbohydrates that is expressed in abundance in normal cells but reduced in malignant cells (Ghazarian et al, 2011). Mannose is the predominant glycan in S. epidermidis biofilm (Bales et al, 2013), and is associated with inflammatory response (Yates 2005).…”

Section: Toluidine Blue Stainingmentioning

confidence: 99%