A global synthesis of biochar's sustainability in climate-smart agriculture - Evidence from field and laboratory experiments

Carbon Sequestration Strategies in Soil Using Biochar: Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities

“…19,101,156,157 For instance, the high labile OC input from biochar application would stimulate microorganisms to produce more N-acquiring enzymes to meet their N demand and maintain the microbial stoichiometry homeostasis, 158 resulting in nutrient competition between crops and microorganisms. 100 In addition, biochar is highly dependent on application rates in its functions in improving and remediating soils 89,159 and may have effects opposite to those anticipated with its increasing or continuous application. 47,160 How much biochar soil can receive without affecting its normal fundamental function remains unclear to date.…”

“…Further, most of the studies concerning the stability of biochar are conducted using single-factor and short-term experiments under simulated conditions, which is particularly true for hydrochar (Table S1). These assessments usually fail to reflect the impacts of interactive variables and cumulative effects on biochar stability in fields, such as biochar–mineral interactions and aggregation and microbial community succession induced by biochar application, which are highly time-dependent. − The explosive increase in publications about biochar over the past 5 years (Figure S1) provides the possibility of predicting the stability of biochar with high precision in soil environments based on the massive amount of data, which can be achieved by machine learning or artificial intelligence . However, most current studies fail to adhere to the FAIR data principles (as reflected in Table S1), and thus large amounts of reliable data required for stability prediction are lacking.…”

“…Thus, the mechanisms behind the priming effects by biochar, especially by hydrochar, are still far from being fully understood. ,, Second, most studies are conducted under controlled conditions based on short-term laboratory experiments, which allow us to easily differentiate the decomposition of biochar from the mineralization of SOC (by using isotope studies). However, laboratory experiments generally fail to reflect the complex processes (e.g., aging, leaching, and aggregating) of biochar under field situations and thus misestimate biochar’s benefits on C sequestration in soil. ,, Third, the accelerated OC cycling and microbial activities driven by the priming effects are expected to impose strong effects on the transformation and availability of nutrients, such as organic phosphorus (P) and N, and contaminants since they are closely involved in the turnover of OC, biochar, and microorganisms in soil environments. To date, how the biochar-induced priming effects affect the bioavailability and speciation changes of nutrients and contaminants and their associations with C flux in soil have not yet been systematically investigated.…”

“…Excessive application of pyrochar to soil may decrease the (bio)­availability and use efficiency of nutrients (such as N and P) instead, due to its strong immobilization and sorption capacities for elements including nutrients. , Biochar can also lead to C/N stoichiometric disbalance and deteriorate soil structure and microbial community if overapplied, seriously affecting the ecosystem services of soil. ,,, For instance, the high labile OC input from biochar application would stimulate microorganisms to produce more N-acquiring enzymes to meet their N demand and maintain the microbial stoichiometry homeostasis, resulting in nutrient competition between crops and microorganisms . In addition, biochar is highly dependent on application rates in its functions in improving and remediating soils , and may have effects opposite to those anticipated with its increasing or continuous application. , How much biochar soil can receive without affecting its normal fundamental function remains unclear to date. It is urgent to explore the threshold value and sustainability of biochar application in soil and its relationship with biochar properties and soil types. ,, It is more viable to promote biochar application practices with the aim of improving soil quality and functioning before a safe application threshold is developed.…”

Analysis of Environmental Impact for Material Production Investments Using a Novel Soft Computing Methodology

“…Peiró et al [17] and Xu et al [18] studied that fossil fuelrelated air pollution causes global warming problem. According to Eštoková et al [19], Wang et al [20] and Huang et al [21], due to global warming, many important problems such as disruption in agricultural production and climate change arise.…”