A Global Strategy for the Conservation and Use of Apple Genetic Resources

Bramel, Paula; Volk, Gayle M.

doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.34072.34562

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 135 publications

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“…The genetic diversity of wild fruit tree species (e.g., pistachio, walnut, apple, pear, almond) that grow in Central Asian forests helps build resistance to pests in cultivated species and varieties, strengthens their adaptive capacity [34][35][36], and is the basis for harnessing, through domestication, critical qualitative fruit traits with economic significance, such as storability [37]. Local varieties are genotypes with economic, historical, cultural, and heritage value in particular geographic contexts that exhibit interesting or unique traits and special food uses, but have been used mainly for local consumption as their attributes may limit large-scale commercialization [38].…”

Section: Home Gardens and Plant Genetic Resource Conservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conservation and sustainable use of wild relatives and landraces in Central Asia must rely on different and complementary approaches in situ (in forests), on farm (e.g., in home gardens) and ex situ (e.g., in field collections, genebanks) to maintain fruit and nut tree genetic resources in the broader landscape, and to support agricultural development [ 5 , 38 ]. Understanding the patterns of plant diversity in home gardens, the factors that shape this diversity, and its distribution across species and varieties is critical from a long-term conservation perspective.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Home gardens of Central Asia: Reservoirs of diversity of fruit and nut tree species

et al. 2022

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Central Asia is an important center of origin for many globally valued fruit and nut tree species. Forest degradation and deforestation are cause for concern for the conservation of these valuable species, now confined to small remnant populations. Home gardens have the important function of sustaining household food consumption and income generation, and can potentially play a critical role in conserving diversity of fruit and nut trees. These systems have been very poorly documented in the scientific literature. This study contributes to filling this gap by describing the diversity of fruit and nut trees in home gardens of Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan, examining their dynamic flow of planting material and its sources, understanding their future prospects, and looking at significant differences between the three countries. Home gardens show a similar portfolio of the most abundant tree species (apple, apricot, walnut, pear, and plum). Although the diversity of tree species and varieties recorded is significant, small population sizes can limit future possibilities for this diversity to thrive, given the pressure on natural stands and on habitats where the preferred species are found. Furthermore, the selection of species and varieties to be planted in home gardens is increasingly influenced by market opportunities and availability of exotic material. Some of the most abundant tree species recorded are represented largely by exotic varieties (apple, pear), while others (e.g., apricot, walnut, plum) are still mainly characterized by traditional local varieties that are not formally registered. Home gardens continue to play a critical role in rural livelihoods and in national economies, and many rural inhabitants still aspire to maintain them. Thus, home gardens should be integrated in national research and extension systems and closely linked to national conservation efforts. Changes and possible declines in the diversity they host, their health status, and resilience should be carefully monitored.

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Section: Home Gardens and Plant Genetic Resource Conservationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Home gardens of Central Asia: Reservoirs of diversity of fruit and nut tree species

et al. 2022

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“…Some apple gene banks have plantings of seedlings or grafted trees that represent wild species populations. These accessions offer the community access to flowers and fruits of wild species that can immediately be used in breeding programs or for phenotypic and genotypic evaluations (Bramel & Volk, 2019 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multivariate analysis of oriental apple (Malus orientalis Uglitzk.) based on phenotypic and pomological characterizations

Moradi

Khadivi

Mirheidari

2022

Food Science & Nutrition

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Oriental apple ( Malus orientalis Uglitzk.) is rich in valuable traits, such as later blooming, adaptation to a wider array of habitats, and capacity for longer storage of the apples, that should be considered important to the genetic makeup of the domestic apple. Here, the morphological diversity of this species was evaluated. There were significant differences among the accessions studied as revealed by the recorded traits. Ripening date ranged from late April to mid‐May. Fruit skin ground color showed strong diversity, including light cream, cream, yellow, light green, and green‐white. Also, fruit skin over color was highly variable, including white, cream, yellow, light green, and green‐white. Fruit weight ranged from 3.45 to 16.74 g. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed 13 PCs which contributed to 83.30% of total variance and fruit‐related characters were the most effective traits for separating and identifying the studied accessions. The Ward dendrogram reflected the similarities and dissimilarities among the accessions based on the qualitative and quantitative variables measured. A high phenotypic diversity within the collected material of M. orientalis was indicated. The diversity existing in the indigenous wild M. orientalis could further add new genetic information in the global gene pool of Malus species. The present study confirmed the necessity of preserving this unique genetic resource and continuing its study no matter the fact that in practice.

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“…is one of the most important temperate fruit crops in the world. Cultivars of apple are propagated vegetatively, typically by grafting, and field collections of clonal material and seedlings are held in many countries where production is based (Bramel and Volk 2019). Within the UK, cultivated apple is maintained, at a national level, within the National Fruit Collection (NFC) owned by the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and curated by the University Abstract Simple sequence repeat (SSR) microsatellite markers have been extensively used to identify duplication and analyse genetic diversity in germplasm collections of apple.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microsatellite markers as a tool for active germplasm management and bridging the gap between national and local collections of apple

Venison

Litthauer²,

Laws

et al. 2022

Genet Resour Crop Evol

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Simple sequence repeat (SSR) microsatellite markers have been extensively used to identify duplication and analyse genetic diversity in germplasm collections of apple. Here, we present findings from the use of a standard set of SSR loci in the managed repropagation of a significant international germplasm collection: the UK National Fruit Collection (NFC). A subset of eight SSR loci was deemed sufficient to distinguish all apart from the clonal relatives across a sample of 1995 accessions, with a single exception being one pair of full siblings. In total, 99% of accessions were able to be confirmed present and correct after the replacement of trees initially identified to be incorrectly propagated. In parallel to the curation of the collection itself, through an initiative led by the UK local apple enthusiast community, 3373 SSR profiles for apples held in local collections were compared to the NFC holdings. Overall, in both sets of material, diversity remained high with average gene diversity values of 0.800 and 0.812 in the NFC holdings and local collections, respectively. Accessions in local collections were not found to differ in their overall coverage of genetic diversity to that of the NFC collection (FST = 0.0035) although significant numbers of locally valued, and genetically distinguishable individuals were identified, some of which may represent ‘lost’ cultivars.

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A Global Strategy for the Conservation and Use of Apple Genetic Resources

Cited by 15 publications

References 135 publications

Home gardens of Central Asia: Reservoirs of diversity of fruit and nut tree species

Home gardens of Central Asia: Reservoirs of diversity of fruit and nut tree species

Multivariate analysis of oriental apple (Malus orientalis Uglitzk.) based on phenotypic and pomological characterizations

Microsatellite markers as a tool for active germplasm management and bridging the gap between national and local collections of apple

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