A Global Look at Time

Abstract

In this article, we assess the structural equivalence of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI) across 26 samples from 24 countries (N = 12,200). The ZTPI is proven to be a valid and reliable index of individual differences in time perspective across five temporal categories: Past Negative, Past Positive, Present Fatalistic, Present Hedonistic, and Future. We obtained evidence for invariance of 36 items (out of 56) and also the five-factor structure of ZTPI across 23 countries. The short ZTPI scales are reliable for country-level analysis, whereas we recommend the use of the full scales for individual-level analysis. The short version of ZTPI will further promote integration of research in the time perspective domain in relation to many different psycho-social processes.

The Less is More: The 17-Item Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory

“…The first one is a five factor model which replicates the original factor structure and items of Zimbardo and Boyd (1999). The second model was the model created by Sircova et al (2014) including 36 items which appears to be a conventional model considering the data from 24 countries. Finally, in the third model the aim was to meet the previously detailed criteria of Hu and Bentler (1999).…”

“…However, criticism and concerns have been revealed concerning the instrument's validations in terms of items' multiple and low loadings, and not appropriate CFA model fit (Anagnostopoulos and Griva 2012;Sircova et al 2014;Worrell and Mello 2007). On the basis of Table 1 it is possible to assume that the longer version of ZTPI has relatively poor CFA model fit and several times the EFA results did not fit to the original model.…”

“…Due to its utility, ZTPI has been validated in several countries (see Table 1), such as in Italy (D'Alessio et al 2003), France (Apostolidis and Fieulaine 2004; Fieulaine N, Apostolidis T and Zimbardo PG, Development and validation of a short form of the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory, unpublished), Mexico (Corral-Verdugo et al 2006), Spain (Diaz-Morales 2006, Czech Republic and Slovakia (Košťál et al 2015), Brazil (Milfont et al 2008), Latvia and Russia (Kolesovs 2004(Kolesovs , 2009, Lithuania (Liniauskaite and Kairys 2009), Estonia (Seema and Sircova 2013), Israel (Orkibi 2014), United Kingdom (Boniwell et al 2010;McKay et al 2015); Taiwan (Gao 2011), Australia (McKay et al 2015, Sweden (Carelli et al 2011) and Greece (Anagnostopoulos and Griva 2012). Furthermore, a large cross-cultural analysis was also carried out in which the factor structure was examined on the basis of the data from 24 countries (Sircova et al 2014).…”

Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory: Adaptation for high-schol students from Buenos Aires

“…La estructura fue Posteriormente, se desarrollaron numerosas adaptaciones de la escala que detectaron la misma estructura en Francia (Apostolidis & Fieulaine, 2004), España (Díaz-Morales, 2006), Brasil (Leite & Pascuali, 2008;Milfont, Andrade, Belo & Pessoa, 2008), Portugal (Ortuño & Gamboa, 2009) Lituania (Liniauskaite & Kairys, 2009), Grecia (Anagnostopoulos & Griva, 2011), Japón (Shimojima, Sato & Ochi, 2012) y Chile (Oyanadel, Buela-Casal & Pérez-Fortis, 2014). Otros estudios reunieron datos en 24 países y hallaron los mismos resultados (Sircova et al, 2014). El número de ítems en dichas versiones presentó variaciones menores en función de la decisión de los investigadores de permitir, o no, cargas dobles en Estonia (Seema & Sircova, 2013), Israel (OrikiBi, 2014) y Republica Checa (Kostal, Klicperová-Baker, Lukavská & Lukavsky, 2015) se trabajó con versiones reducidas del instrumento, en donde se encontraron nuevamente cinco factores.…”

Diversity in Unity: Perspectives from Psychology and Behavioral Sciences

“…This may also indicate that people perceive each occasion to have different priorities, and they behave accordingly. Furthermore, Sircova et al (2014) show that every culture places different emphases in relation to perspectives of time (past, present and future). A study by Levine and Norenzayan (1999) also showed that there are different paces of life among countries in terms of how their populations respond to time.…”