A global data set of the extent of irrigated land from 1900 to 2005

Siebert, Stefan; Kummu, Matti; Porkka, Miina; Döll, Petra; Ramankutty, Navin; Scanlon, Bridget R.

doi:10.5194/hess-19-1521-2015

Cited by 371 publications

(397 citation statements)

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“…First we use the reference map for 2000 CE for irrigated areas derived from the MIRCA (monthly irrigated and rainfed crop areas around the year 2000) database (Siebert et al, 2015). When hindcasting, we apply the HYDE rules for allocation based on the following assumptions.…”

Section: Irrigated Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The input data for the category "areas equipped for irrigation" for the post-1960 CE period were taken from FAO (2015) and for the 1900-1960 CE period from Siebert et al (2015). For the 1700-1900 CE period estimates were taken from Siebert (2008).…”

Section: Irrigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the pre-1700 CE period a per capita estimate was used to match global estimates of irrigated area found in literature. The statistics for the actual irrigated area for the 1960-2010 CE period were derived by multiplying FAO's category "area equipped for irrigation" with the fraction of "equipped/actual irrigated area" from the GMIA_v5 database of Siebert et al (2015). For many countries this fraction is 1.0, but not for all countries.…”

Section: Irrigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, we used the last known ratio and applied this to the complete series of "areas equipped for irrigation" to compute the historical time series of "actual irrigated area" (see Table S2). For the spatial representation of current global areas equipped for irrigation and actual irrigated areas, we used the Siebert et al (2015) global data set of monthly irrigated and rain-fed crop areas around the year 2000 (MIRCA2000).…”

Section: Irrigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…-the use of additional data (cropland layer map of Waldner et al, 2016; irrigation data of Siebert, 2008, andSiebert et al, 2015, MIRCA data set) and rice data from You et al, 2014);…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene – HYDE 3.2

Goldewijk

Beusen

Doelman

et al. 2017

Earth Syst. Sci. Data

757

624

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Abstract. This paper presents an update and extension of HYDE, the History Database of the Global Environment (HYDE version 3.2). HYDE is an internally consistent combination of historical population estimates and allocation algorithms with time-dependent weighting maps for land use. Categories include cropland, with new distinctions for irrigated and rain-fed crops (other than rice) and irrigated and rain-fed rice. Grazing lands are also provided, divided into more intensively used pasture and less intensively used rangeland, and further specified with respect to conversion of natural vegetation to facilitate global change modellers. Population is represented by maps of total, urban, rural population, population density and built-up area. The period covered is 10 000 before Common Era (BCE) to 2015 Common Era (CE). All data can be downloaded from https://doi.org/10.17026/dans-25g-gez3.We estimate that global population increased from 4.4 million people (we also estimate a lower range < 0.01 and an upper range of 8.9 million) in 10 000 BCE to 7.257 billion in 2015 CE, resulting in a global population density increase from 0.03 persons (or capita, in short cap) km −2 (range 0-0.07) to almost 56 cap km −2 respectively. The urban built-up area evolved from almost zero to roughly 58 Mha in 2015 CE, still only less than 0.5 % of the total land surface of the globe.Cropland occupied approximately less than 1 % of the global land area (13 037 Mha, excluding Antarctica) for a long time period until 1 CE, quite similar to the grazing land area. In the following centuries the share of global cropland slowly grew to 2.2 % in 1700 CE (ca. 293 Mha, uncertainty range 220-367 Mha), 4.4 % in 1850 CE (578 Mha, range 522-637 Mha) and 12.2 % in 2015 CE (ca. 1591 Mha, range 1572-1604 Mha). Cropland can be further divided into rain-fed and irrigated land, and these categories can be further separated into rice and non-rice. Rain-fed croplands were much more common, with 2.2 % in 1700 CE (289 Mha, range 217-361 Mha), 4.2 % (549 Mha, range 496-606 Mha) in 1850 CE and 10.1 % (1316 Mha, range 1298-1325 Mha) in 2015 CE, while irrigated croplands used less than 0.05 % (4.3 Mha, range 3.1-5.5 Mha), 0.2 % (28 Mha, range 25-31 Mha) and 2.1 % (277 Mha, range 273-278 Mha) in 1700, 1850 and 2015 CE, respectively. We estimate the irrigated rice area (paddy) to be 0.1 % (13 Mha, range 9-16 Mha) in 1700 CE, 0.2 % (28 Mha, range 26-31 Mha) in 1850 CE and 0.9 % (118 Mha, range 117-120 Mha) in 2015 CE.The estimates for land used for grazing are much more uncertain. We estimate that the share of grazing land grew from 5.1 % in 1700 CE (667 Mha, range 507-820 Mha) to 9.6 % in 1850 CE (1192 Mha, range 1068-1304 Mha) and 24.9 % in 2015 CE (3241 Mha, range 3211-3270 Mha). To aid the modelling community we have divided land used for grazing into more intensively used pasture, less intensively used converted rangeland and less or unmanaged natural unconverted rangeland. Pasture occupied 1.1 % in 1700 CE (145 Mha, range 79-175 Mha), 1.9 % in 1850 CE (253 Mha...

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Section: Irrigated Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Irrigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Irrigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Irrigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…-the use of additional data (cropland layer map of Waldner et al, 2016; irrigation data of Siebert, 2008, andSiebert et al, 2015, MIRCA data set) and rice data from You et al, 2014);…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene – HYDE 3.2

Goldewijk

Beusen

Doelman

et al. 2017

Earth Syst. Sci. Data

757

624

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show abstract

Ecohydrological modeling in agroecosystems: Examples and challenges

Porporato

Feng

Manzoni

et al. 2015

Water Resources Research

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Human societies are increasingly altering the water and biogeochemical cycles to both improve ecosystem productivity and reduce risks associated with the unpredictable variability of climatic drivers. These alterations, however, often cause large negative environmental consequences, raising the question as to how societies can ensure a sustainable use of natural resources for the future. Here we discuss how ecohydrological modeling may address these broad questions with special attention to agroecosystems. The challenges related to modeling the two-way interaction between society and environment are illustrated by means of a dynamical model in which soil and water quality supports the growth of human society but is also degraded by excessive pressure, leading to critical transitions and sustained societal growth-collapse cycles. We then focus on the coupled dynamics of soil water and solutes (nutrients or contaminants), emphasizing the modeling challenges, presented by the strong nonlinearities in the soil and plant system and the unpredictable hydroclimatic forcing, that need to be overcome to quantitatively analyze problems of soil water sustainability in both natural and agricultural ecosystems. We discuss applications of this framework to problems of irrigation, soil salinization, and fertilization and emphasize how optimal solutions for large-scale, long-term planning of soil and water resources in agroecosystems under uncertainty could be provided by methods from stochastic control, informed by physically and mathematically sound descriptions of ecohydrological and biogeochemical interactions.

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Asian irrigation, African rain: Remote impacts of irrigation

Vrese

Hagemann

Claußen

2016

Geophysical Research Letters

110

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Irrigation is not only vital for global food security but also constitutes an anthropogenic land use change, known to have strong effects on local hydrological and energy cycles. Using the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology's Earth System Model, we show that related impacts are not confined regionally but that possibly as much as 40% of the present‐day precipitation in some of the arid regions in Eastern Africa are related to irrigation‐based agriculture in Asia. Irrigation in South Asia also substantially influences the climate throughout Southeast Asia and China via the advection of water vapor and by altering the Asian monsoon. The simulated impact of irrigation on remote regions is sensitive to the magnitude of the irrigation‐induced moisture flux. Therefore, it is likely that a future extension or decline of irrigated areas due to increasing food demand or declining fresh water resources will also affect precipitation and temperatures in remote regions.

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A global data set of the extent of irrigated land from 1900 to 2005

Cited by 371 publications

References 56 publications

Anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene – HYDE 3.2

Anthropogenic land use estimates for the Holocene – HYDE 3.2

Ecohydrological modeling in agroecosystems: Examples and challenges

Asian irrigation, African rain: Remote impacts of irrigation

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