A global analysis of National Malaria Control Programme vector surveillance by elimination and control status in 2018

Abstract

BackgroundMaintaining the effectiveness of the currently recommended malaria vector control interventions while integrating new interventions will require monitoring key recommended indicators to identify threats to effectiveness including physiological and behavioural resistance to insecticides.MethodsCountry metadata on vector surveillance and control activities was collected using an online survey by National Malaria Control Programmes or partner organization officials. Country and regional surveillance activities were analysed for alignment with indicators for priority vector surveillance objectives recommended by the World Health Organization. Surveillance activities were also compared for countries in the E2020 (eliminating countries) and countries with more intense transmission.ResultsSignificant differences in monitoring priority vector indicators between Africa and Asia-Pacific country programmes were found as well as differences between countries approaching elimination and those controlling malaria. Gaps were found between vector data collected and country management strategies (i.e., for insecticide resistance management and integrated vector control strategies) and for making programmatic decisions on surveillance and control using vector surveillance data.ConclusionsSignificant opportunities exist for increasing vector data collection on priority indicators and using these data for national programmatic decisions for both proactive insecticide resistance management and enhancing vector control.

Studi Bioekologi Vektor Malaria di Daerah (Yang Mendapat Sertifikat) Eliminasi Malaria di Kabupaten Jembrana, Bengkalis dan Bulukumba

“…Untuk mengidentifikasi kesenjangan dalam cakupan intervensi pengendalian vektor. 4 Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, diperlukan beberapa indikator yang menjadi dasar pelaksanaan surveilans vektor yang diharapkan, yaitu identifikasi vektor, densitas vektor, perilaku mencari darah, kesukaan menggigit di dalam/di luar rumah, kesukaan istirahat di dalam/di luar rumah, konfirmasi Plasmodium dalam nyamuk vektor dan habitat larva vektor, disamping hasil konfirmasi resistensi insektisida. Dengan mengintegrasikan indikator tersebut, diharapkan dapat digunakan untuk menetapkan strategi dan perencanaan pengendalian vektor sehingga diharapkan upaya pengendalian vektor dapat dilakukan secara efektif dan efisien.…”

“…Dengan mengintegrasikan indikator tersebut, diharapkan dapat digunakan untuk menetapkan strategi dan perencanaan pengendalian vektor sehingga diharapkan upaya pengendalian vektor dapat dilakukan secara efektif dan efisien. 4 Pada tahun 2017 Balai Besar Litbang Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit (B2P2VRP), Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan (Badan Litbangkes) melakukan Riset Khusus Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit (Rikhus (rikhus) vektora, koleksi lapangan nyamuk dan jentik, prosedur deteksi melekuler plasmodium dan analisis pakan darah dilakukan dengan menggunakan pedoman Rikhus vektora. Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa Anopheles kochi dan Anopheles tesselatus, yang masing-masing ditemukan di eksoistem non hutan dekat pemukiman dan pantai dekat pemukiman ditemukan positif mengandung Plasmodium falciparum di Kabupaten Jembrana, Bali.…”

Nextgen Vector Surveillance Tools: Sensitive, Specific, Cost-effective and Epidemiologically Relevant

“…Algorithms for representative sampling across geographic areas for adults and larvae as well as de ning /stratifying receptivity are essential. However, a recent global assessment of vector surveillance activities by NMCPs revealed that routine surveillance of key indicators is limited and that entomological data is even less so used to inform programmatic decisions [8]. This suggests that programs must react to losses in program effectiveness rather than being proactive in responding to potential threats as they arise, such as behavioural and physiological resistance to insecticides.…”

“…A global analysis of NMCP vector surveillance by elimination and control status in endemic countries was conducted utilizing an online survey instrument [8]. The survey included an evaluation of national malaria control program capacity for vector surveillance.…”

“…However, the critical indicator of insecticide resistance phenotype was monitored annually by 78% of countries [8]. Across nearly every country surveyed, the vector surveillance programs were hampered by a lack of capacity and capability.…”