“…In recent years, singular spectrum analysis (SSA), a relatively novel and powerful nonparametric technique in time series analysis, has been developed and applied to many practical problems across different fields. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] The SSA algorithm incorporates elements of classical time series analysis, multivariate statistics, multivariate geometry, dynamical systems and signal processing, 16,17 and can be used for: smoothing, trend extraction, extraction of periodicities, forecasting, filling in missing values, estimating signal parameters, detection of change points, and finding causality between series. Being a nonparametric approach, although some probabilistic and statistical concepts are employed in the SSA algorithm, no statistical assumptions such as stationarity of the series or normality of the residuals are required.…”