A giant among dwarfs: a new species of galago (Primates: Galagidae) from Angola

Svensson, Magdalena S.; Bersacola, Elena; Mills, Michael; Munds, Rachel A.; Nijman, Vincent; Perkin, Andrew; Masters, Judith; Couette, Sébastien; Nekaris, K. Anne-Isola; Bearder, Simon K.

doi:10.1002/ajpa.23175

Cited by 64 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…obs. ; (7) Butynski, ; (8) Llorente et al, ; (9) Ambrose & Butynski, ; (10) Svensson et al, ; (11) Perkin, ; (12) Doody et al, ; (13) Nekaris & Bearder, ; (14) Butynski et al, ; (15) Génin et al, ; (16) Kingdon, ; (17) De Jong & Butynski, pers. obs.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

“…We follow the taxonomy of Nekaris (,), but recognize the genus Paragalago (Masters et al, ), Nycticebus kayan, N. bancanus and N. borneanus (Munds, Nekaris, & Ford, ), Sciurocheirus makandensis (Ambrose, ), and Galagoides kumbirensis (Svensson et al, ). We treat the Mount Kenya potto ( Perodicticus ibeanus stockleyi ) as a subspecies of P. ibeanus , not P. potto (Butynski & De Jong, ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sleep patterns, daytime predation, and the evolution of diurnal sleep site selection in lorisiforms

Svensson

Nekaris

Bearder

et al. 2018

American J Phys Anthropol

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65sleep and sleep site selection, a comparative approach is required (Elgar, Pagel and Harvey, 1988; 66 Lesku, Roth II, Amlaner and Lima, 2006;Rattenborg, Martinez-Gonzalez and Lesku, 2009). Sleep can 67 comprise more than 50% of a primate's activity budget (Campbell and Tobler, 1984 79that are self-constructed or constructed by other species. Use of nests (either self-constructed or made in 80 tree holes or hollows) and platforms as sleep sites is common among strepsirhines and great apes, and, 81 presumably, the earliest humans (Sabater, Veá and Serrallonga, 1997;Bearder et al., 2003; Fultz, Brent, 82 Breaux and Grand, 2013;Samson and Shumaker, 2015b), but are rarely used by other haplorhines. 83Samson and Nunn (2015) distinguished these assembled nests, on the basis that for larger primates, tree 84 hollows would not be a viable sleeping option, and suggest that ancestral Paleocene and Eocene 85primates probably had galago-like fixed point nest use. Since most monkeys do not use nests, nest use 86 must have evolved multiple times. To be able to infer potential sleep site patterns in early primates (i.e. 87the ones for which only morphological data are available), we also must examine how body size, forelimb 88 to hindlimb ratio, and hand dexterity combine to assist living primates in their sleep site choices (Covert, 89 2002; Gebo and Dagosto, 2004). 4To examine the question further, Kappeler (1998) Rasmussen (1986) and Ehrlich and MacBride, (1989)]. 98Regarding the paucity of field data on many primate taxa, he urged further research of wild primates to 99 understand better the evolution of sleep site selection. 105In the twenty-first century, substantial taxonomic changes have occurred for both the African and Asian 106 lorisiforms. First, the dwarf galagos of the genus Galagoides were recognized as a polyphyletic clade 107 (Pozzi et al., 2015), and now are comprised of Galagoides (western and central Africa) and Paragalago 108(eastern Africa). Paragalago is a sister taxon to the genus Galago, and Galagoides and is a sister taxon 109 to the clade containing Sciurocheirus, Otolemur, Paragalago and Galago (Masters et al., 2017 132These data can be used as a basis to understanding ancestral sleep behavior of primates that can help to 133 inform sleep patterns that occurred later in primate evolution. 135 MATERIAL AND METHODS 136We follow the taxonomy of Nekaris 174To gain insight into sleep patterns and the presence of fragmented sleep in the lorisiforms, we compiled 175 data on when individuals entered and exited sleep sites. From selected sites, we added information on 176 pre-or post-dusk waking and pre-or post-dawn sleeping. We added observations of sleep during the 177 night or non-sleep behavior during the day. 178We examined evidence of predation on lorisiforms and highlight those instances where the events 179 occurred while the animal was asleep, or where we could reasonably infer that predation had taken place 180 during the daytime. We excluded predation events by nocturnal p...

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Section: Resultsunclassified

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleep patterns, daytime predation, and the evolution of diurnal sleep site selection in lorisiforms

Svensson

Nekaris

Bearder

et al. 2018

American J Phys Anthropol

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“…Slender lorises emit a variety of whistles, while slow lorises make series of 'Kriks', 'Pants', and high-pitched 'Whistles' (Nekaris & Bearder, 2011). Vocalisations can be useful for discerning among species, as has been done with morphologically cryptic species of galagines (Courtenay & Bearder, 1989;Anderson et al, 2000;Ambrose, 2003;Schneiderová et al, 2016;Svensson et al, 2017). Future studies should be alert for vocalisations in pottos and of their potential use in taxonomy.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Comparative Ecology and Behaviour of Eastern Potto Perodicticus ibeanus and Central Potto P. Edwardsi in Angola, Cameroon, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda and Uganda

Luhrs

Svensson

Nekaris

2018

Journal of East African Natural History

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Comparative behavioural research reveals both intra-and inter-species diversity among primates. Few long-term behavioural studies have been conducted on African nocturnal primates. Here we describe and compare behavioural and ecological observations on two species of pottos (Perodicticus ibeanus and P. edwardsi) across ten sites. We observed a total of 51 P. edwardsi and 28 P. ibeanus. We recorded all 21 postures within an established lorisid ethogram, as well as 42 of 50 behaviours. Eating, locomotion, freezing, resting and sniffing were the most common behaviours. We recorded behaviours not previously described for perodicticines, including bark chewing and unique vocalisations. Three species of pottos are now recognised, with potentially more species to be revealed within this cryptic and nocturnal genus. Although there are similarities among potto species, we show that unique ecological adaptations and behaviours may further elucidate their diversity.

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“…Kumbira Forest is located in the Gabela-Conda area of the Kwanza Sul Province and hosts significant populations of three of the four endangered central scarp endemics (Mills, 2010). Recently, a new species of primate (Galagoides kumbirensis) was named after being first observed in Kumbira Forest (Svensson et al, 2017).…”

Section: Study Areamentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation in Angola: Insights from the scarp forest conservation ‘hotspot’

et al. 2018

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The depletion of forests in conservation hotspots is a poorly known societal concern of the post‐conflict society of Angola. Rapid economic and population growth, fragile environmental regulation, enforcement, and planning threat these invaluable forests and their biodiversity. By mitigating climate change through a sustainable management of forests, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) could also favour the preservation of biodiversity. This study addresses the depletion of forests in Angolan conservation ‘hotspots’ under a REDD+ perspective. In the escarpment forest, a centre of endemism, activity data, and emission factors were assessed between 2001 and 2014. Next, spatial factors associated with deforestation were identified using generalized linear modelling, and it was provided a view on how REDD+ may support sustainable forest management in conservation hotspots. Activity data based on an error‐corrected estimate indicated a deforested area of 4856.3 ± 653.1 ha between 2001 and 2014. Field mean above‐ground carbon content amounted to 89.4 ± 126.4 tCha‐1. Among the most relevant factors associated with deforestation were elevation, density of bare land, north–south exposure (aspect), and distance to trails. All negatively related to deforestation. Overall, the threatened escarpment forest conservation hotspot seems to have significant potential for reducing carbon emissions and beneficiate from REDD+. Yet the considerable uncertainty in our estimates limited the discussions in the magnitude of forest depletion and carbon emissions. In view of performance‐based payments for development, additional field surveying is necessary to boost the accuracies presented by new forest monitoring tools that can reduce technical difficulties and sustain the eligibility of Angola for international REDD+ funding sources.

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A giant among dwarfs: a new species of galago (Primates: Galagidae) from Angola

Abstract: This discovery points to the importance of Angolan forests as refuges for endemic biodiversity. These forests are under severe threat from overexploitation, and there is an urgent need to establish conservation measures and designate protected areas.

Cited by 64 publications

References 63 publications

Sleep patterns, daytime predation, and the evolution of diurnal sleep site selection in lorisiforms

Sleep patterns, daytime predation, and the evolution of diurnal sleep site selection in lorisiforms

Comparative Ecology and Behaviour of Eastern Potto Perodicticus ibeanus and Central Potto P. Edwardsi in Angola, Cameroon, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda and Uganda

Reducing emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation in Angola: Insights from the scarp forest conservation ‘hotspot’

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