A genetic profile of bovine pestiviruses circulating in Brazil (1998–2018)

Abstract

The pestiviruses bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), 2 (BVDV-2), and HoBi-like (HoBiPeV) are endemic among Brazilian cattle, the world's largest commercial bovine herd. In the last two decades (1998–2018) over 300 bovine pestiviruses have been partially or fully sequenced in Brazil, including viruses from different regions, different epidemiological backgrounds, and associated with diverse clinical presentations. Phylogenetic analysis of these viruses demonstrated a predominance of BVDV-1 (54.4%), with subgenotypes −1a (33.9% of total) and −1b (16.3%) being more frequent and subgenotypes −1d, −1e, and −1i at very low frequencies. The overall BVDV-2 frequency was 25.7% but it varied largely by region, reaching up to 48% in Southern states. BVDV-2b was the predominant subgenotype (84.8% of BVDV-2), followed by BVDV-2a (8.86%). HoBiPeV accounted for 19.9% (61/307) of the genotyped viruses and were detected at high frequency in cattle from Northeastern states. These findings demonstrate a unique mix of pestivirus species and subgenotypes, unlike that seen in Europe or North America. The design of effective diagnostic tools, vaccines, and control programs for limiting bovine pestivirus infections in Brazil must take into consideration this unique mix of viruses. This article provides a critical review of two decades of genetic identification of pestiviruses in Brazil.

Genetic Diversity of Bovine Pestiviruses Detected in Backyard Cattle Farms Between 2014 and 2019 in Henan Province, China

“…To date, at least 23 genotypes of Pestivirus A (12)(13)(14)(15)(16) and six genotypes (17) of Pestivirus B have been classified based on sequence comparison analyses and the palindromic nucleotide substitutions (PNS) genotyping method (18,19). Pestivirus H, first isolated from fetal calf serum (20), has spread to different continents, including North America, South America, Europe, and Asia (21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26). In China, nine genotypes of Pestivirus A (1a,1b, 1c,1d, 1m, 1o, 1p,1q, and 1u) (27)(28)(29)(30), two genotypes (2a, 2b) of Pestivirus B (31)(32)(33), and Pestivirus H (24,34) have been reported.…”

Diphtheric aspergillosis tracheitis with gastrointestinal dissemination secondary to viral infections in a dairy calf

“…Ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) is the cause of sheep associated-malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), a severe, lymphotropic, frequently fatal disease of cattle [ 18 , 19 ]. Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) is an agent associated with several clinical syndromes in cattle, including respiratory, reproductive disease, abortions and neonatal multisystemic disease as well [ 20 , 21 ]. In Brazil, BVDV [ 22 , 23 ], OvHV-2 [ 22 , 23 ] and BoHV-1 [ 24 ] are endemic in virtually all regions holding commercial beef and dairy cattle herds.…”

Survey for pestiviruses in backyard pigs in southern Brazil

“…BVDV-1d is frequently reported in cattle in Brazil, 18 which could raise suspicions about the cattle origin of the SUI 1 strain given that backyard pigs usually come in contact or are raised with other animal species. We detected one BVDV-2a sample, although 2a strains are rarely reported in Brazil, 5 but BVDV-2b is frequently found in cattle in southern Brazil. 18 BVDV-2a was reported in cattle from Argentina, 12 and the sequence that we obtained had a high degree of identity with those samples.…”