A Genetic Correlation Between Age at Pupation and Melanization Immune Response of the Yellow Fever Mosquito Aedes Aegypti

Koella, Jacob C.; Boëte, Christophe

doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2002.tb01419.x

Cited by 81 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…In this study, offspring from V. culicis -infected A. gambiae s.s . mothers also took longer to develop into adult mosquitoes, but were less likely to be infected with malaria, thus corroborating a previously demonstrated link between age at pupation and immuno-competence [63]. This association could not explicitly be tested, as all the mosquitoes were pooled after emergence irrespective of their age at pupation.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Maternal environment shapes the life history and susceptibility to malaria of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes

Lorenz

Koella

2011

Malar J

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BackgroundIt is becoming generally recognized that an individual's phenotype can be shaped not only by its own genotype and environmental experience, but also by its mother's environment and condition. Maternal environmental factors can influence mosquitoes' population dynamics and susceptibility to malaria, and therefore directly and indirectly the epidemiology of malaria.MethodsIn a full factorial experiment, the effects of two environmental stressors - food availability and infection with the microsporidian parasite Vavraia culicis - of female mosquitoes (Anopheles gambiae sensu stricto) on their offspring's development, survival and susceptibility to malaria were studied.ResultsThe offspring of A. gambiae s.s. mothers infected with V. culicis developed into adults more slowly than those of uninfected mothers. This effect was exacerbated when mothers were reared on low food. Maternal food availability had no effect on the survival of their offspring up to emergence, and microsporidian infection decreased survival only slightly. Low food availability for mothers increased and V. culicis-infection of mothers decreased the likelihood that the offspring fed on malaria-infected blood harboured malaria parasites (but neither maternal treatment influenced their survival up to dissection).ConclusionsResource availability and infection with V. culicis of A. gambiae s.s. mosquitoes not only acted as direct environmental stimuli for changes in the success of one generation, but could also lead to maternal effects. Maternal V. culicis infection could make offspring more resistant and less likely to transmit malaria, thus enhancing the efficacy of the microsporidian for the biological control of malaria.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 76%

Maternal environment shapes the life history and susceptibility to malaria of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes

Lorenz

Koella

2011

Malar J

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“…In our dataset, prophenoloxidases were under-transcribed in both LiTOX phenotypes, while defensins were under-transcribed only in LiTOX_N (Figure 2, Additional file 3: Table S3). Furthermore, a correlation was observed between age at pupation (development speed) and mosquito's ability to melanize Sephadex beads (immuno-capacity), suggesting that an increased immunity is costly and results in a slower development [33]. The two developmental phenotypes observed in the resistant mosquito strain LiTOX might be the result of a trade-off between immunity and development.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene expression patterns and sequence polymorphisms associated with mosquito resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis toxins

et al. 2014

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BackgroundDespite the intensive use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) toxins for mosquito control, little is known about the long term effect of exposure to this cocktail of toxins on target mosquito populations. In contrast to the many cases of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry toxins observed in other insects, there is no evidence so far for Bti resistance evolution in field mosquito populations. High fitness costs measured in a Bti selected mosquito laboratory strain suggest that evolving resistance to Bti is costly. The aim of the present study was to identify transcription level and polymorphism variations associated with resistance to Bti toxins in the dengue vector Aedes aegypti. We used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) for comparing a laboratory-selected strain showing elevated resistance to Bti toxins and its parental non-selected susceptible strain. As the resistant strain displayed two marked larval development phenotypes (slow and normal), each phenotype was analyzed separately in order to evidence potential links between resistance mechanisms and mosquito life-history traits.ResultsA total of 12,458 genes were detected of which 844 were differentially transcribed between the resistant and susceptible strains. Polymorphism analysis revealed a total of 68,541 SNPs of which 12,571 SNPs exhibited more than 40% frequency difference between the resistant and susceptible strains, affecting 2,953 genes. Bti resistance is associated with changes in the transcription level of enzymes involved in detoxification and chitin metabolism. Among previously described Bti-toxin receptors, four alkaline phosphatases (ALPs) were differentially transcribed between resistant and susceptible larvae, and non-synonymous changes affected the protein sequence of one cadherin, six aminopeptidases (APNs) and four α-amylases. Other putative Cry receptors located in lipid rafts, such as flotillin and glycoside hydrolases, were under-transcribed and/or contained non-synonymous substitutions. Finally, immunity-related genes showed contrasted transcription and polymorphisms patterns between the two developmental resistant phenotypes, suggesting the existence of trade-offs between Bti-resistance, life-history traits and immunity.ConclusionsThe present study is the first to analyze the whole transcriptome of Bti-resistant mosquitoes by RNA-seq, shedding light on the importance of studying both transcription levels and sequence polymorphism variations to get a comprehensive view of insecticide resistance.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-926) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…The pro-phenoloxidase enzymatic cascade then kills the parasite through the synthesis of melanin, which has cytotoxic and antimicrobial properties [10,11]. This type of resistance has been shown to vary due to biotic [10,11] and abiotic [12-15] factors, and can have a heritable component [12,16,17]. Our knowledge of the genetic basis of resistance in animals is increasing [18-21], but the degree to which resistance can be a plastic response to environmental variation in natural populations is not well understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inter-annual variation in prevalence and intensity of mite parasitism relates to appearance and expression of damselfly resistance

2010

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BackgroundInsects can resist parasites using the costly process of melanotic encapsulation. This form of physiological resistance has been studied under laboratory conditions, but the abiotic and biotic factors affecting resistance in natural insect populations are not well understood. Mite parasitism of damselflies was studied in a temperate damselfly population over seven seasons to determine if melanotic encapsulation of mite feeding tubes was related to degree of parasitism, host sex, host size, emergence timing, duration of the emergence period, and average daily air temperature.ResultsAlthough parasite prevalence in newly emerged damselflies was > 77% each year, hosts did not resist mites in the early years of study. Resistance began the year that there was a dramatic increase in the number of mites on newly emerged damselflies. Resistance continued to be correlated with mite prevalence and intensity throughout the seven-year study. However, the percentage of hosts resisting only ranged from 0-13% among years and resistance was not sex-biased and was not correlated with host size. Resistance also was not correlated with air temperature or with timing or duration of damselfly emergence.ConclusionsResistance in host damselflies was weakly and variably expressed over the study period. Factors such as temperature, which have been identified in laboratory studies as contributing to resistance by similar hosts, can be irrelevant in natural populations. This lack of temperature effect may be due to the narrow range in temperatures observed at host emergence among years. Degree of mite parasitism predicted both the appearance and continued expression of resistance among parasitized damselflies.

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A Genetic Correlation Between Age at Pupation and Melanization Immune Response of the Yellow Fever Mosquito Aedes Aegypti

Cited by 81 publications

References 39 publications

Maternal environment shapes the life history and susceptibility to malaria of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes

Maternal environment shapes the life history and susceptibility to malaria of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes

Gene expression patterns and sequence polymorphisms associated with mosquito resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis toxins

Inter-annual variation in prevalence and intensity of mite parasitism relates to appearance and expression of damselfly resistance

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