A Genetic and Biochemical Approach to Study Trichothecene Diversity in Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium graminearum

Brown, Daren W.; McCormick, Susan P.; Alexander, Nancy J.; Proctor, Robert H.; Desjardins, Anne E.

doi:10.1006/fgbi.2001.1256

Cited by 167 publications

(140 citation statements)

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“…Consistent with the structure of DON, Tri7 involved in the subsequent acetylation of this hydroxyl group (Brown et al, 2001) is also lost or inactivated in F. graminearum (see section 2.3).…”

supporting

confidence: 62%

“…These observations suggest that the most plausible possibility for the function of Tri13 is C-4 hydroxylation of the trichothecene skeleton. Consistent with the structure of DON, Tri7 involved in the subsequent acetylation of this hydroxyl group (Brown et al, 2001) is also lost or inactivated in F. graminearum (see section 2.3).FgTri8 apparently existed as a complete copy with a high similarity to FsTri8 over the entire length. Tri8 encodes a lipase-like protein, and the gene was also highly conserved between type A and type B trichothecene producers (Brown et al, 2001).…”

mentioning

confidence: 53%

“…Differences in the biosynthetic gene organization, however, were found in the local regions that correspond to FsTri7 and FsTri13; i.e., Tri7 was completely absent from the gene cluster and Tri13 existed as a pseudogene in F. graminearum F15. In strain GZ3639, which belongs to a different F. graminearum lineage (O'Donnell et al, 2000), Tri7 also had inactivation mutations in the coding region (Brown et al, 2001).These results suggest that F. sporotrichioides and F. graminearum were descended from a common ancestral fungus that possibly produced an ancient type of trichothecene in the past. It seems plausible that functions of several genes that are not essential for the biosynthesis of isotrichodermol (the first pathway product that has the toxic trichothecene skeleton; see Fig.…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

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Microbial toxins in plant-pathogen interactions: Biosynthesis, resistance mechanisms, and significance.

Kimura

Anzai

Yamaguchi

2001

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

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In the history of phytopathology, microbial toxins have been the objects of extensive studies as possible pathogenicity or virulence factors for the producer pathogens. The recent development of molecular genetic techniques provided an experimental basis to thoroughly test the role of these secondary metabolites in pathogenesis. Some of them did prove to be highly associated with disease initiation or enhanced virulence in certain plant-pathogen interactions. In this review, we describe recent progresses in the field of plant-pathogen interactions focusing on two toxins; i.e., tabtoxin from Pseudomonas syringae and trichothecenes from Fusarium and other fungi. These microbial toxins have convincingly been shown to play causal roles in plant disease development. Studies on the biosynthesis and resistance mechanisms of these producers are outlined, and the significance of this knowledge is discussed in relation to practical applications in agriculture.Key Words--disease-resistant plants; gene cluster evolution; Fusarium mycotoxins; horizontal gene transfer; Pseudomonas syringae; self-protection mechanism; tabtoxin; trichothecene biosynthesis J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol., 47, 149-160 (2001) Invited Review * Address reprint requests to: Dr. Isamu Yamaguchi, Environmental Plant Research Group, Plant Science Center, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, 351-0198, Japan. E-mail: isyama@postman.riken.go.jp pathogen of the ability to produce the toxic substances in question or to endow the host with the ability to inactivate them, leaving all other properties of these organisms exactly the same in either case. Molecular genetic techniques served as powerful tools to prove that some of the toxins are indeed required for pathogenicity or virulence. Perhaps the most well-known examples for this are the host-specific toxins produced by three Cochliobolus species; i.e., HCtoxin of C. carbonum, T-toxin of C. heterostrophus, and victorin of C. victoriae, all of which proved to be the causal agents of severe blight diseases of economically important crops. The remarkable progresses in understanding the biological systems of these toxin producers have been summarized by the researchers involved (Cheng and Walton, 2000;Kodama et al., 1999;Walton, 1996;Walton and Panaccione, 1993).In this review, we deal with the recent progress of research on toxin biosynthesis and self-resistance mechanisms of plant pathogenic microorganisms. The following two sections summarize studies on two toxins, tabtoxin produced by Pseudomonas syringae and trichothecenes produced by a wide variety of fungal genera comprising mainly Fusarium. Tabtoxin Characteristics of tabtoxinTobacco leaves diseased by infection with wildfire bacteria result in a small necrotic spot containing bacterial cells, surrounded by a chlorotic zone that is free from bacteria. The wildfire bacterium P. syringae pv. tabaci produces a pathogenic toxin called tabtoxin. When a tobacco leaf was treated with tabtoxin, this toxin caused chlorotic spots similar to the halos on leaves infected with th...

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supporting

confidence: 62%

mentioning

confidence: 53%

mentioning

confidence: 90%

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Microbial toxins in plant-pathogen interactions: Biosynthesis, resistance mechanisms, and significance.

Kimura

Anzai

Yamaguchi

2001

J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol.

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“…Although a more thorough discussion awaits additional information on the functional significance of variation within TRI-cluster genes and a detailed characterization of the late pathway steps differentiating NIV, 3ADON, and 15ADON biosynthesis, it is unlikely that variation within identified trichothecene genes is entirely responsible for the observed chemotype polymorphism. For instance, hydroxylation at C-4 distinguishes nivalenol from deoxynivalenol, but is not accounted for by the putative activities of any of the trichothecene genes identified to date (6). However, the recovery of reciprocally monophyletic chemotype lineages in the combined TRI-cluster phylogeny (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The trichothecenes produced by Fusarium are divided into two broad categories based on the presence (B-trichothecenes) or absence (A-trichothecenes) of a keto group at the C-8 position of the trichothecene ring (4). Biochemical and genetic investigations of Fusarium sporotrichioides (an A-trichothecene producer) facilitated the identification of many of the genes involved in trichothecene biosynthesis (6). Homologous genes have since been identified in Fg complex species (B-trichothecene producers), and with the exception of a 3-O-acetyltransferase (TRI101) (7), all known trichothecene genes are localized within a gene cluster (6).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ancestral polymorphism and adaptive evolution in the trichothecene mycotoxin gene cluster of phytopathogenic Fusarium

Ward

Bielawski

Kistler

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

482

419

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Filamentous fungi within the Fusarium graminearum species complex (Fg complex) are the primary etiological agents of Fusarium head blight (scab) of wheat and barley. Scab is an economically devastating plant disease that greatly limits grain yield and quality. In addition, scabby grain is often contaminated with trichothecene mycotoxins that act as virulence factors on some hosts, and pose a serious threat to animal health and food safety. Strain-specific differences in trichothecene metabolite profiles (chemotypes) are not well correlated with the Fg complex phylogeny based on genealogical concordance at six single-copy nuclear genes. To examine the basis for this discord between species and toxin evolution, a 19-kb region of the trichothecene gene cluster was sequenced in 39 strains chosen to represent the global genetic diversity of species in the Fg complex and four related species of Fusarium. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that polymorphism within these virulence-associated genes is transspecific and appears to have been maintained by balancing selection acting on chemotype differences that originated in the ancestor of this important group of plant pathogens. Chemotype-specific differences in selective constraint and evidence of adaptive evolution within trichothecene genes are also reported.

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Strategies for the Management and Mitigation of Nivalenol Contamination in Food and Feed

Mahadevarao,

Puttaswamy

2023

Anti‐Mycotoxin Strategies for Food and Feed

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A Genetic and Biochemical Approach to Study Trichothecene Diversity in Fusarium sporotrichioides and Fusarium graminearum

Cited by 167 publications

References 31 publications

Microbial toxins in plant-pathogen interactions: Biosynthesis, resistance mechanisms, and significance.

Microbial toxins in plant-pathogen interactions: Biosynthesis, resistance mechanisms, and significance.

Ancestral polymorphism and adaptive evolution in the trichothecene mycotoxin gene cluster of phytopathogenic Fusarium

Strategies for the Management and Mitigation of Nivalenol Contamination in Food and Feed

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