Microbial toxins in plant-pathogen interactions: Biosynthesis, resistance mechanisms, and significance.

Kimura, Makoto; Anzai, Hiroyuki; Yamaguchi, Isamu

doi:10.2323/jgam.47.149

Cited by 57 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 63 publications

(55 reference statements)

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“…The gene is expected to serve as a useful genetic resource in the decontamination of wheat and other small grains, where Fusarium species cause serious problems of food pollution associated with mycotoxins. Together with Tri101, which inactivates trichothecenes (another mycotoxin of the ZEN producer, which is also known as a virulence factor [20,21]), zhd101 is now being transformed into wheat in our laboratory.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel lactonohydrolase responsible for the detoxification of zearalenone: enzyme purification and gene cloning

Takahashi-Ando

Kimura

Kakeya

et al. 2002

Biochemical Journal

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163

118

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Zearalenone (ZEN) is converted into a far less oestrogenic product by incubation with Clonostachys rosea IFO 7063. An alkaline hydrolase responsible for the detoxification was purified to homogeneity from the fungus by a combination of salt precipitation and column chromatography methods. The purified enzyme was homodimeric with a subunit molecular mass of 30 kDa and contained an intra-subunit disulphide bridge. On the basis of the internal peptide sequences of the purified protein, we cloned the entire coding region of the gene (designated as zhd101) by PCR techniques. The ZEN degradation activity was detected in heterologous hosts (Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Escherichia coli) carrying the cloned gene. Zhd101 could be a promising genetic resource for in planta detoxification of the mycotoxin in important crops.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel lactonohydrolase responsible for the detoxification of zearalenone: enzyme purification and gene cloning

Takahashi-Ando

Kimura

Kakeya

et al. 2002

Biochemical Journal

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163

118

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“…For an organism to be a plant pathogen, it has to have a number of virulence functions such as the production of degradative enzymes (53,59,104,136), toxins (9,77,134), and "effector" molecules (1, 78,131). The last are the products of avr/pth genes.…”

Section: Virulence Characteristics Of Pathogens Their Nature Dissemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plant Disease: A Threat to Global Food Security

Strange

Scott

2005

Annu. Rev. Phytopathol.

1,342

739

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A vast number of plant pathogens from viroids of a few hundred nucleotides to higher plants cause diseases in our crops. Their effects range from mild symptoms to catastrophes in which large areas planted to food crops are destroyed. Catastrophic plant disease exacerbates the current deficit of food supply in which at least 800 million people are inadequately fed. Plant pathogens are difficult to control because their populations are variable in time, space, and genotype. Most insidiously, they evolve, often overcoming the resistance that may have been the hard-won achievement of the plant breeder. In order to combat the losses they cause, it is necessary to define the problem and seek remedies. At the biological level, the requirements are for the speedy and accurate identification of the causal organism, accurate estimates of the severity of disease and its effect on yield, and identification of its virulence mechanisms. Disease may then be minimized by the reduction of the pathogen's inoculum, inhibition of its virulence mechanisms, and promotion of genetic diversity in the crop. Conventional plant breeding for resistance has an important role to play that can now be facilitated by marker-assisted selection. There is also a role for transgenic modification with genes that confer resistance. At the political level, there is a need to acknowledge that plant diseases threaten our food supplies and to devote adequate resources to their control.

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“…There are no extant strains with a near-isogenic background which may be used for a comparative analysis. Chromosome numbers and gene orders could differ between the producer and non-producer strains, and it is difficult to trace the evolutionary events that have happened to the ancestral Fusarium species (Kimura et al, 2001). However, if the non-biosynthesis genes surrounding the trichothecene genes are found in syntenic regions of the F. graminearum species complex and of the F. oxysporum genomes (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concordant evolution of trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase and an rDNA species phylogeny of trichothecene-producing and non-producing fusaria and other ascomycetous fungi

et al. 2005

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The cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum species complex (e.g. Fusarium asiaticum, previously referred to as F. graminearum lineage 6) produces the mycotoxin trichothecene in infected grains. The fungus has a gene for self-defence, Tri101, which is responsible for 3-O-acetylation of the trichothecene skeleton in the biosynthetic pathway. Recently, trichothecene non-producers Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium fujikuroi (teleomorph Gibberella fujikuroi) were shown to have both functional (Tri201) and non-functional (pseudo-Tri101) trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase genes in their genome. To gain insight into the evolution of the trichothecene genes in Gibberella species, the authors examined whether or not other (pseudo-)biosynthesis-related genes are found near Tri201. However, sequence analysis of a 12 kb region containing Tri201 did not result in identification of additional trichothecene (pseudo-)genes in F. oxysporum. In a further attempt to find other trichothecene (pseudo-)genes from the non-producer, the authors examined whether or not the non-trichothecene genes flanking the ends of the core trichothecene gene cluster (i.e. the Tri5 cluster) comprise a region of synteny in Gibberella species. However, it was not possible to isolate trichothecene (pseudo-)genes from F. oxysporum (in addition to the previously identified pseudo-Tri101), because synteny was not observed for this region in F. asiaticum and F. oxysporum. In contrast to this unsuccessful identification of additional trichothecene (pseudo-)genes in the non-producer, a functional trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase gene could be identified in fusaria other than Gibberella: Fusarium decemcellulare and Fusarium solani; and in an ascomycete from a different fungal genus, Magnaporthe grisea. Together with the recent functional identification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae ScAYT1, these results are suggestive of a different evolutionary origin for the trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase gene from other biosynthesis pathway genes. The phylogeny of the 3-O-acetyltransferase was mostly concordant with the rDNA species phylogeny of these ascomycetous fungi.

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Microbial toxins in plant-pathogen interactions: Biosynthesis, resistance mechanisms, and significance.

Cited by 57 publications

References 63 publications

A novel lactonohydrolase responsible for the detoxification of zearalenone: enzyme purification and gene cloning

A novel lactonohydrolase responsible for the detoxification of zearalenone: enzyme purification and gene cloning

Plant Disease: A Threat to Global Food Security

Concordant evolution of trichothecene 3-O-acetyltransferase and an rDNA species phylogeny of trichothecene-producing and non-producing fusaria and other ascomycetous fungi

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