“…Signi cant e ort have been made to develop consistent models, see [23] for a comparison between top down and bottom up approaches and [32] for a comparison of di erent copulas in the CreditRisk+ framework. Standard copula models had however limited empirical success and other frameworks have been developed, see [3,11,14,17,21,22,27,31,33,40]. In this paper, we develop bottom-up models that are both simple to calibrate and successful at reproducing all the tranche spreads.…”