A gain of function mutation in SlNRC4a enhances basal immunity resulting in broad-spectrum disease resistance

Pizarro, Lorena; Leibman‐Markus, Meirav; Gupta, Rupali; Kovetz, Neta; Shtein, Ilana; Bar, Einat; Davidovich‐Rikanati, Rachel; Zarivach, Raz; Lewinsohn, Efraim; Avni, Adi; Bar, Maya

doi:10.1038/s42003-020-01130-w

Cited by 16 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Tomato EDS1 and solanaceous plant-specific hNLRs NLR REQUIRED FOR CELL DEATH 1 (NRC1) have been implicated in Ve1- and C f -4-dependent ETI, while Pto-dependent ETI and programmed cell death in N. benthamiana require NRC2a/b and NRC3 79–81 . NRC4 requirement for LRR-RP EIX2, but not for LRR-RK FLS2-mediated PTI activation in tomato has been reported 82 , and very recently, a gain-of-function mutation in NRC4a with increased basal resistance has been described 83 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arabidopsiscell surface LRR immune receptor signaling through the EDS1-PAD4-ADR1 node

Pruitt

Zhang

Saile

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Plants use both cell surface and intracellular immune receptors with leucine rich-repeat (LRRs) to detect pathogens. LRR receptor kinases (LRR-RKs) and LRR receptor-like proteins (LRR-RPs) recognize extracellular microbe-derived molecules to confer pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), while nucleotide-binding LRR (NLR) proteins detect microbial effectors inside the cell to confer effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Despite PTI and ETI signaling being initiated in different compartments, both rely on the transcriptional activation of similar sets of genes, suggesting convergence in signaling upstream of nuclear events. Here we report that two sets of molecules, helper NLRs from the ADR1 (ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1) family as well as lipase-like proteins EDS1 (ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1) and PAD4 (PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT 4), are required not only for ETI, but also for PTI. A further similarity is seen in the evolutionary patterns of some PTI and ETI receptor genes, with both often being highly polymorphic, and with nevertheless distinct roles of LRR-RK and LRR-RP receptors in immunity. We find that the LRR-RK SOBIR1 directly links LRR-RPs with the ADR1 helper NLR as well as EDS1 and PAD4, suggesting the formation of constitutive supramolecular signalosome complexes at the inner side of the plasma membrane. We propose that the EDS1-PAD4-ADR1 node is an essential component and convergence point for immune signaling cascades activated by both surface-resident LRR-RP receptors and intracellular NLR receptors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arabidopsiscell surface LRR immune receptor signaling through the EDS1-PAD4-ADR1 node

Pruitt

Zhang

Saile

et al. 2020

Preprint

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“…Immune recognition of secreted virulence effectors is common in resistant plants. However, effector recognition is not the only factor that determines host range, which can be dictated by a combination of numerous factors such as host physiology, metabolic state, production of secondary chemical compounds, structural variations in target tissues, and altered host physical barriers (van den Bosch et al, 2020 ; Favaro et al, 2014 ; Pizarro et al, 2020 ; Stice et al, 2020 ; Sun et al, 2011 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune recognition of the secreted serine protease ChpG restricts the host range of Clavibacter michiganensis from eggplant varieties

Verma

Teper

2022

Molecular Plant Pathology

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Bacterial wilt and canker caused by Clavibacter michiganensis (Cm) inflict considerable damage in tomato‐growing regions around the world. Cm has a narrow host range and can cause disease in tomato but not in many eggplant varieties. The pathogenicity of Cm is dependent on secreted serine proteases, encoded by the chp/tomA pathogenicity island (PI), and the pCM2 plasmid. Screening combinations of PI deletion mutants and plasmid‐cured strains found that Cm‐mediated hypersensitive response (HR) in the Cm‐resistant eggplant variety Black Queen is dependent on the chp/tomA PI. Singular reintroduction of PI‐encoded serine proteases into Cm∆PI identified that the HR is elicited by the protease ChpG. Eggplant leaves infiltrated with a chpG marker exchange mutant (CmΩchpG) did not display an HR, and infiltration of purified ChpG protein elicited immune responses in eggplant but not in Cm‐susceptible tomato. Virulence assays found that while wild‐type Cm and the CmΩchpG complemented strain were nonpathogenic on eggplant, CmΩchpG caused wilt and canker symptoms. Additionally, bacterial populations in CmΩchpG‐inoculated eggplant stem tissues were c.1000‐fold higher than wild‐type and CmΩchpG‐complemented Cm strains. Pathogenicity tests conducted in multiple Cm‐resistance eggplant varieties demonstrated that immunity to Cm is dependent on ChpG in all tested varieties, indicating that ChpG‐recognition is conserved in eggplant. ChpG‐mediated avirulence interactions were disabled by alanine substitution of serine231 of the serine protease catalytic triad, suggesting that protease activity is required for immune recognition of ChpG. Our study identified ChpG as a novel avirulence protein that is recognized in resistant eggplant varieties and restricts the host range of Cm.

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“…EIX is used as an elicitor of plant defense responses in plant immunity studies [10,11,14,[30][31][32]. The main impetus for this work was the lack of easily obtainable immunogenic xylanase required for plant immunity research.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Method for the Production and Purification of Plant Immuno-Active Xylanase from Trichoderma

Anand

Leibman‐Markus

Elkabetz

et al. 2021

IJMS

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Plants lack a circulating adaptive immune system to protect themselves against pathogens. Therefore, they have evolved an innate immune system based upon complicated and efficient defense mechanisms, either constitutive or inducible. Plant defense responses are triggered by elicitors such as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). These components are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which include plant cell surface receptors. Upon recognition, PRRs trigger pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Ethylene Inducing Xylanase (EIX) is a fungal MAMP protein from the plant-growth-promoting fungi (PGPF)–Trichoderma. It elicits plant defense responses in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), making it an excellent tool in the studies of plant immunity. Xylanases such as EIX are hydrolytic enzymes that act on xylan in hemicellulose. There are two types of xylanases: the endo-1, 4-β-xylanases that hydrolyze within the xylan structure, and the β-d-xylosidases that hydrolyze the ends of the xylan chain. Xylanases are mainly synthesized by fungi and bacteria. Filamentous fungi produce xylanases in high amounts and secrete them in liquid cultures, making them an ideal system for xylanase purification. Here, we describe a method for cost- and yield-effective xylanase production from Trichoderma using wheat bran as a growth substrate. Xylanase produced by this method possessed xylanase activity and immunogenic activity, effectively inducing a hypersensitive response, ethylene biosynthesis, and ROS burst.

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A gain of function mutation in SlNRC4a enhances basal immunity resulting in broad-spectrum disease resistance

Cited by 16 publications

References 84 publications

Arabidopsiscell surface LRR immune receptor signaling through the EDS1-PAD4-ADR1 node

Arabidopsiscell surface LRR immune receptor signaling through the EDS1-PAD4-ADR1 node

Immune recognition of the secreted serine protease ChpG restricts the host range of Clavibacter michiganensis from eggplant varieties

Method for the Production and Purification of Plant Immuno-Active Xylanase from Trichoderma

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