“…3C depicts the C 1s XPS spectrum, and three peaks are observed at 283.6, 284.8, and 287.5 eV, which are attributed to the carbon-carbon single bond (C-C), carboncarbon double bond (CvC), and carbon-oxygen double bond (CvO) in the carboxyl group, respectively. 27 Fig. 3D reveals the XPS spectrum of O 1s, and its characteristic peaks at 530.6, 532.5 and 533.8 eV represent the groups associated with the metal oxide bond, coordination lattice oxygen and organic CvO bond, respectively.…”