A fully integrated 24-GHz phased-array transmitter in CMOS

Natarajan, Arun; Komijani, A.; Hajimiri, Ali

doi:10.1109/jssc.2005.857420

Cited by 130 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…1.5. Phase shifters are typically used in narrow band phased arrays whereas true-time delay elements are used for broadband phased arrays [10]. Analog phase shifters are used for continuous beam steering.…”

Section: Conventional Phased Arraysmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Millimeter-Wave Dual-Fed Phased Array for Beam Steering

Topak

Hasch

Wagner³

et al. 2013

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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A phased array antenna, used for shaping and steering the main antenna beam electronically to chosen directions within the predefined field of view, has been the key antenna system for satellite communications and military radars for decades. However, despite its high functional performance, it is still a very costly and complex solution for emerging wireless consumer applications such as high speed wireless communication and driving assistance systems due to the number of phase shifters and their complex control circuitry. Even more challenges are encountered with an increase in the number of channels if an antenna with high directivity is desired, such as routing RF and IF circuits, isolation of neighboring RF channels or calibration of a whole system.In order to eliminate the challenges stated above, a novel beam steering approach is presented in this dissertation based on the superposition of two squinted antenna beams. The two antenna beams are realized by exciting the opposite feeds of a dual-fed array antenna. A change in the phase difference and amplitude ratio between the input signals, using only one phase shifter and two variable gain amplifiers or only two I-Q vector modulators, steers the main beam in different directions. Due to its similar architecture, it exhibits all the advantages that a traveling wave antenna possesses as well, such as beam steering with the change of the operating frequency.Additionally, the sum and difference patterns can be obtained using this concept, allowing for an amplitude-comparison monopulse operation with a broad peak or a deep null at the broadside. Using this approach, beam nulls can also be steered towards interference directions, while keeping the shape and direction of the main beam unchanged. Another advantage is its high robustness against phase and amplitude errors due to analog hardware components in the RF path, which cannot be avoided in conventional phased arrays. A channel mismatch and crosstalk between neighbor RF channels or a temperature and time dependent array calibration can be minimized via this technique thanks to its unique topology, as well.In this work, an analytic antenna model has been derived and implemented in MATLAB using closed form expressions to analyze and optimize each relevant antenna parameter. Using this model, the development time becomes significantly shorter and the required computer memory is almost negligible.In order to prove the validity of the proposed novel beam steering approach, two different millimeter-wave (mm-wave) dual-feed antenna setups have been designed and implemented. In the first setup, commercial passive WR-10 components are used to perform the phase and i -iiamplitude changes manually. To demonstrate the full capability of electronic scanning, a second setup is built by employing an I-Q vector modulator instead of the waveguide phase shifter and the attenuator, which is controllable via input current signals. A mm-wave baredie transceiver MMIC which houses an integrated I-Q vector modulator in its ...

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Section: Conventional Phased Arraysmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Millimeter-Wave Dual-Fed Phased Array for Beam Steering

Topak

Hasch

Wagner³

et al. 2013

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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“…Although optical phased arrays (OPA) have been studied [3][4][5][6][7][8][9], they have not been widely used compared to their electrical counterparts [11,12]. However, recent advancements in integrated photonic platforms have enabled realization of reliable and compact optical phased arrays with applications in communication, LIDAR, imaging, tracking, targeting, switched fabric networks, routers, and sensing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanophotonic projection system

et al. 2015

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Low-power integrated projection technology can play a key role in development of low-cost mobile devices with built-in high-resolution projectors. Low-cost 3D imaging and holography systems are also among applications of such a technology. In this paper, an integrated projection system based on a two-dimensional optical phased array with fast beam steering capability is reported. Forward biased p-i-n phase modulators with 200MHz bandwidth are used per each array element for rapid phase control. An optimization algorithm is implemented to compensate for the phase dependent attenuation of the p-i-n modulators. Using rapid vector scanning technique, images were formed and recorded within a single snapshot of the IR camera.

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“…Recently high frequency miniaturized phased array transmitters and receivers have been subject of interest for ranging, imaging, and directional communication at microwave, mm-wave, and THz frequencies [2][3][4]. Optical phased arrays (OPA) based on the same principle at much smaller wavelength have promising prospects for ranging, communications, image projection, optical network switch boxes, free-space optical computation, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic Two-Dimensional Beam Steering for Integrated Optical Phased Arrays

Abiri

Aflatouni

Rekhi

et al. 2014

Optical Fiber Communication Conference

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This paper presents electrical beam steering in an integrated 4x4 2D optical phased array (OPA) on a silicon on insulator (SOI) process enabling fast and repeatable beam steering for next generation projection, tracking, and imaging. IntroductionElectronically steered phased array transmitters and receivers in microwave and mm-wave range have been widely used in radar systems where their agile electronic control enables rapid tracking of multiple fast moving objects [1]. Recently high frequency miniaturized phased array transmitters and receivers have been subject of interest for ranging, imaging, and directional communication at microwave, mm-wave, and THz frequencies [2][3][4]. Optical phased arrays (OPA) based on the same principle at much smaller wavelength have promising prospects for ranging, communications, image projection, optical network switch boxes, free-space optical computation, etc. Since optical wavelengths are much smaller than their RF counterparts, larger number of elements can be integrated on a smaller chip. Recent developments have shown the feasibility of current silicon-based micro-fabrication for integrated OPA implementation [5][6][7][8]. Beam steering can be achieved using thermo-optic phase shifters where the delay for each path is changed via the thermal index change [6,7]. In this approach, the large thermal time constants limit the speed at which the beam can be steered making them unsuitable for real-time and fast applications, such as projection, optical switches, or computing. Thermal crosstalk between adjacent phase shifters presents another challenge to the thermal phase control approach, necessitating remedial action, such as large separation between thermal phase shifters that can limit the number of elements in the OPA. In [6], the second dimension of beam steering is achieved via an external change of the wavelength. MEMS based OPAs [8] overcome the cross talk issue; however, they still have limited operation speed and lower reliability due to limitation of mechanical structures.To overcome the speed and reliability limitations, PIN diode phase shifters that operate based on free carrier injection [9] are used in a 4x4 OPA in this work. Also, some level of amplitude control can be achieved, which provides side-lobe cancellation in the array operation. The utilized PIN-diode-based modulators are capable of operation with time constants under 1 nanosecond, thereby enabling very rapid response.

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A fully integrated 24-GHz phased-array transmitter in CMOS

Cited by 130 publications

References 24 publications

A Novel Millimeter-Wave Dual-Fed Phased Array for Beam Steering

A Novel Millimeter-Wave Dual-Fed Phased Array for Beam Steering

Nanophotonic projection system

Electronic Two-Dimensional Beam Steering for Integrated Optical Phased Arrays

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