A fully disposable paper-based electrophoresis microchip with integrated pencil-drawn electrodes for contactless conductivity detection

Chagas, Cyro L. S.; Souza, Fabrício R. de; Cardoso, Thiago da Silva Gusmão; Moreira, Roger Cardoso; Silva, José Alberto Fracassi da; Jesus, Dosil Pereira de; Coltro, Wendell K. T.

doi:10.1039/c6ay01963c

Cited by 49 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(46 reference statements)

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“…MCE devices can be fabricated over a wide range of platforms including glass , polymers , and other cheaper substrates like paper and threads . Different substrate materials have been selected for the development of NAME devices.…”

Section: Theoretical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonaqueous electrophoresis on microchips: A review

2019

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The use of organic solvents as electrolytic medium in electrophoresis has become an important alternative for the analysis of compounds that exhibit low or no solubility in water. In recent years, nonaqueous electrophoresis has been extensively explored in conventional capillary systems for different applications. On the other hand, this separation strategy is still not as popular as free solution electrophoresis on chip-based platforms due to the effects of solvent in the background electrolyte on the sample injection, detection performance, and microfluidic platform compatibility. In this way, this review summarizes the main achievements on nonaqueous microchip electrophoresis (NAME). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review dedicated to discuss exclusively nonaqueous electrophoresis on chip-based systems. For this purpose, some important theoretical aspects involved when separations are performed in organic medium, such as equilibrium, interactions and electrophoretic considerations, are included in the review. In addition, the main challenges, advantages and influences of nonaqueous media on the sample injection, detection as well as the choice of the substrate to fabricate chip-based electrophoresis devices are highlighted. Last, examples showing the feasibility of nonaqueous microchip electrophoresis for applications exploiting different methodologies, operational, and instrumental conditions are summarized and discussed. We hope this review can be useful to spread the huge potential of nonaqueous electrophoresis on microfluidic platforms.

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Section: Theoretical Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nonaqueous electrophoresis on microchips: A review

2019

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“…The dispersion produced by EOF has been studied in a previous work , but this effect is due to the advective mass transport, and in principle differs from the effect of electrophoretic transport of charged species. Such kind of dispersion, can be observed in experimental works already published , and it has even been exploited to improve mixing , although theoretical explanations remain to be provided. Therefore, more exhaustive modeling is needed to develop a deeper understanding on

μ

PAD electrophoresis to better design complex configurations such as paper‐based free‐flow electrophoresis (FFE), FFIEF, and combinations of the different electrophoretic modes, in 2D and 3D formats .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Regarding the last application,

μ

PADs are expected to truly reach the end‐user or low trained personnel at sensitive areas like point‐of‐care, low‐resource‐settings, and remote populations . Thus, paper zone electrophoresis (ZE) has been demonstrated and ZE

μ

PADs have been used for amino‐acid and protein separation . Also, ITP on

μ

PADs has been assessed and devices for immunoglobulin , nucleotide strands and bacteria detection have been reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A special case is the EDMSD term, which is introduced here for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. In order to validate the proposed model, we performed numerical simulations of experiments reported in the literature . Finally, the model was used to simulate a challenging case: FFE on Whatman filter paper for the separation of amino acids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Comprehensive model of electromigrative transport in microfluidic paper based analytical devices

Schaumburg

Kler

2020

Electrophoresis

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A complete mathematical model for electromigration in paper-based analytical devices is derived, based on differential equations describing the motion of fluids by pressure sources and EOF, the transport of charged chemical species, and the electric potential distribution. The porous medium created by the cellulose fibers is considered like a network of tortuous capillaries and represented by macroscopic parameters following an effective medium approach. The equations are obtained starting from their open-channel counterparts, applying scaling laws and, where necessary, including additional terms. With this approach, effective parameters are derived, describing diffusion, mobility, and conductivity for porous media. While the foundations of these phenomena can be found in previous reports, here, all the contributions are analyzed systematically and provided in a comprehensive way. Moreover, a novel electrophoretically driven dispersive transport mechanism in porous materials is proposed. Results of the numerical implementation of the mathematical model are compared with experimental data, showing good agreement and supporting the validity of the proposed model. Finally, the model succeeds in simulating a challenging case of free-flow electrophoresis in paper, involving capillary flow and electrophoretic transport developed in a 2D geometry.Abbreviations: EDMSD, electrophoretically driven mechanical solute dispersion; µPAD, microfluidic paper-based analytical device; FEM, finite element method; FFE, free-flow\penalty -\@M electrophoresis; FFEIEF, free-flow IEF; FVM, finite volume method; FWHM, full width at half maximum; LE, leading electrolyte; PDE, partial differential equation; TE, trailing electrolyte; ZE, zone electrophoresis of glass, silicon, or polymers [7,8]. The evolution of the open-channel electrophoresis was followed by proper mathematical descriptions of the involved phenomena, required for deep understanding of the methods, for prediction of the outcome of experiments, and for rational design of novel electrophoretic devices [9]. 1D CZE, ITP, and IEF problems where successfully modeled using nonlinear partial differential equations (PDE) describing the charge and mass conservation principles [10]. By using this approach, several software tools have been developed to simulate specific 1D problems [11][12][13]. Improvements to these models were reported in the past decade, appealing to more complex formulations for particular physicochemical conditions [14], and electrically driven flows [15]. Furthermore, particular applications like IEF in nano-channels [16], 2D IEF [17,18], free-flow IEF (FFIEF) [19], and even FFIEF combined with CZE in a 2D lab-on-a-chip device [20] were successfully modeled with computational tools based on the finite element (FEM) or finite volume (FVM) methods. Also, a commercial Color online: See article online to view Figs. 2 and 3 in color.

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“…In this test, alkaline picrate reacts with creatinine to form an orange-red product that is measured spectrophotometrically. Other current methods include HPLC-MS/MS [2], HPLC-DAD [3,4], spectrophotometry [5], spectrophotometry using a portable microfluidic system [6], and electrophoresis with electrochemical [7], UV [8], and colorimetric detection [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous determination of renal function biomarkers in urine using a validated paper-based microfluidic analytical device

Rossini

Milani

Carrilho

et al. 2018

Analytica Chimica Acta

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In this paper, we describe a validated paper-based microfluidic analytical device for the simultaneous quantification of two important biomarkers of renal function in urine. This paper platform provides an inexpensive, simple, and easy to use colorimetric method for the quantification of creatinine (CRN) and uric acid (UA) in urine samples. The microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) consists of a main channel with three identical arms, each containing a circular testing zone and a circular uptake zone. Creatinine detection is based on the Jaffé reaction, in which CRN reacts with picrate to form an orange-red product. Uric acid quantification is based on the reduction of Fe to Fe by UA, which is detected in a colorimetric reaction using 1,10-phenanthroline. Under optimum conditions, obtained through chemometrics, the concentrations of the analytes showed good linear correlations with the effective intensities, and the method presented satisfactory repeatability. The limits of detection and the linear ranges, respectively, were 15.7 mg L and 50-600 mg L for CRN and 16.5 mg L and 50-500 mg L for UA. There were no statistically significant differences between the results obtained using the μPAD and a chromatographic comparative method (Student's t-test at 95% confidence level).

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A fully disposable paper-based electrophoresis microchip with integrated pencil-drawn electrodes for contactless conductivity detection

Abstract: We describe the development of a paper electrophoresis chip integrated with pencil electrodes for contactless conductivity detection and its application in the separation of biomolecules associated with kidney dysfunctions.

Cited by 49 publications

References 38 publications

Nonaqueous electrophoresis on microchips: A review

Nonaqueous electrophoresis on microchips: A review

Comprehensive model of electromigrative transport in microfluidic paper based analytical devices

Simultaneous determination of renal function biomarkers in urine using a validated paper-based microfluidic analytical device

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