A fully digital timing recovery scheme using two samples per symbol

An alternative blind feedforward symbol timing estimator using two samples per symbol

“…D URING the last decade, nondata-aided (or blind) feedforward timing estimation architectures have received much attention in synchronization of bandwidth efficient and burst-mode transmissions (see, e.g., [2]- [7] and [10]). Most of the methods proposed in the literature require a sampling frequency of at least three times larger than the symbol rate [2], [5]- [7].…”

“…Most of the methods proposed in the literature require a sampling frequency of at least three times larger than the symbol rate [2], [5]- [7]. However, such high sampling rates are not desirable for high-rate transmissions, since the hardware cost of the receiver depends heavily on the required processing speed [10].…”

“…Recently, Lee proposed a new blind feedforward timing estimation algorithm that requires only two samples per symbol [3]. Compared with other two-samples-per-symbol-based timing estimators [4], [10], Lee's estimator has the advantage that it does not necessitate any low-pass filters. Lee's estimator exhibits a reduced computational complexity comparable with that of the second-law nonlinearity (SLN) estimator [6], which is known to be the simplest among the estimators using four samples per symbol and admits a very suitable digital implementation [3], [10].…”