A fully biobased tribology material based on acrylic resin and short wood fibres

Akpan, E. I.; Wetzel, Bernd; Friedrich, K.

doi:10.1016/j.triboint.2018.01.010

Cited by 40 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…The changes in viscoelastic behavior are attributed to the increase in molecular mobility with increasing temperature. The three‐stage behavior is typical for fully crosslinked thermosetting polymer/fiber composites and has been reported by many researchers . For RWF‐filled composite (Figure ), the storage modulus is strongly dependent on the filler fraction.…”

Section: Dynamic Mechanical Behavior Of Biocompositessupporting

confidence: 63%

“…Environmental and health concerns of these composites have driven government and the research community in search for fully biobased and renewable materials for structural and other engineering applications . Recently, research in the use of biobased materials in automotive applications witnessed the development of acrylic resin binders suitable for natural and wood‐based fibres . These heat curable resins which are also free from phenols and formaldehyde are proven as the best alternative to phenolic resin for binding natural fibers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These heat curable resins which are also free from phenols and formaldehyde are proven as the best alternative to phenolic resin for binding natural fibers. Moreover, they meet ecological requirements for automotive, tribological, and household applications …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Process design for performance improvement in purely ecofriendly composites for structural applications

Akpan

Wetzel

Friedrich

2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The chances of improving the properties of biocomposites lie in the efficient combination of processing and compositional parameters. Achieving required properties for a specified application will involve a systematic process design. In this study, we focus on achieving improvement in properties of the bio‐acrylic resin/wood fiber composites via a rational design of process and parameters. We aim to identify processing parameters where the wood fibers participate in the chemical reaction giving rise to a robust composite structure and consequently improved properties. First, processing variables were streamlined to arrive at an efficient, easy, and less expensive processing route. Thereafter, fiber treatment, length, aspect ratio, and weight fraction were correlated to optimize the structural properties. Composites were prepared with varying fiber weight fraction (35–60 wt %) and fiber aspect ratio (2–13.7) using raw wood fibers (RWFs) and raw cellulose fibers (RCFs) from commercial sources. Generally, it was noted that with appropriate choice of treatment and size of fillers, the curing reaction can be enhanced leading to improvement in properties. Results show that flexural strength increases with decrease in fiber aspect ratio for both treated and untreated fibers. Maximum tensile strength (96 MPa) was obtained with 45 wt % filler content and filler aspect ratio of 13.7 for untreated fibers. When compared at the same weight fraction and average fiber length, RCF composites possess about 40% improvement in flexural strength over that of RWFs. The best compromise between processing and properties of the finished ecocomposite varies with fiber aspect ratio, treatment, and weight fraction of the fillers. The study provides an insight for the development of high‐performance green composites for extended applications such as underbody panels, wheel wells, and underhood components. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48719.

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Section: Dynamic Mechanical Behavior Of Biocompositessupporting

confidence: 63%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Process design for performance improvement in purely ecofriendly composites for structural applications

Akpan

Wetzel

Friedrich

2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

Self Cite

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“…More importantly, a considerable interest has been focused on wood /plastic composites (WPCs) because of their satisfactory mechanical properties and relatively low densities. Various attempts have been reported to synthesize and evaluate the performances of WPCs hybrids for several applications [17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation into the tribological properties of wood flour reinforced polypropylene composites

Ibrahim

Hirayama

Khalafallah

2019

Mater. Res. Express

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The uncontrolled recycling activities of waste species can lead to series problems to both environment and human health. In addition, the exploration of environmentally friendly materials has been received growing interests from researchers and academicians. Herein, we investigated the tribological and mechanical properties of wood flour reinforced polypropylene (WF/PP) composites. The WF/PP complexes were successfully fabricated via a controllable injection molding approach using PP frameworks incorporating 5 wt%, 15 wt%, 25 wt%, 35 wt%, 45 wt%, and 55 wt% WF in the presence of maleated polypropylene (MA-PP) as an effective coupling agent to enhance the WF adhesion to the polymeric matrix and promote the interfacial interaction and wettability. Results demonstrate improved mechanical properties and wear resistance of the as-synthesized composites with the increment of WF content, benefiting from the robust interfacial adhesion and collaborative effects of both natural filler and polymeric components. The inherent strength of natural fibers significantly contributes to the overall strength of the resultant composites. Remarkably, the embedment of coupling agent enables superior properties to certain dozens of WF due to further impregnation of filler along the matrix. Thus, our developed synthesis method holds a promise as efficient pathway to fabricate hybrids comprising polymer and natural fibers to achieve a maximum utilization.

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“…As can be viewed in Fig. 3, it was noticed that there was not much weight change for the first 8 exposed days, since at the time of impregnation, the oil goes through the pores of the material [11].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Friction Reduction of Palm Kernel Activated Carbon Polymer Composite by Lubricant Impregnation

2019

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The purpose of this research is to propose a technique for friction reduction of palm kernel activated carbon (PKAC) polymer composite by palm oil, paraffin oil and water impregnations. A biocomposite sample formed by mixing epoxy and PKAC was made using the method of powder metallurgy. Before test of dry sliding, the sample was impregnated with palm oil, paraffin oil, and water for about 1-8 days. The test of dry sliding was then conducted at room temperature and by applying constant load, sliding distance and sliding speed. The test of sustainability for checking the biocomposite's ability of maintaining the lubricant was also carried out without any more impregnation. A considerable amount of friction of lubricant-impregnated PKAC composite is reduced although there is increases in residual depth due to plastic deformation in comparison to the sample devoid of any impregnation. Water impregnation caused an unexpected rise in the coefficient of friction within the initial few hours following which it became comparatively steady. The sample impregnated with palm and paraffin oils can soak up the lubricant and sustain it for some time prior to the subsequent inflow. More decrease on the coefficient of friction and residual depth were noticed when the soaking time was raised. Besides, no wear is observed on the surface of all samples impregnated with palm oil. Thus, the application of bio-based lubricant to obtain an improved performance in comparison to the synthetic oil is more worthwhile.

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A fully biobased tribology material based on acrylic resin and short wood fibres

Cited by 40 publications

References 40 publications

Process design for performance improvement in purely ecofriendly composites for structural applications

Process design for performance improvement in purely ecofriendly composites for structural applications

An investigation into the tribological properties of wood flour reinforced polypropylene composites

Friction Reduction of Palm Kernel Activated Carbon Polymer Composite by Lubricant Impregnation

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