A Framework of Simulation and Gaming for Enhancing Community Resilience Against Large-Scale Earthquakes: Application for Achievements in Japan

Abstract

Background. The significance of mutual-help in communities for disaster management is a fundamental important concept. However, the current societal state does not reflect this lesson. S&G (Simulation and Gaming) has the potential to overcome the challenges faced in promoting community-based disaster management. No scientific research is currently present that reviews their achievements in Japan. Aim. This paper analyzes the current achievements of S&G in enhancing community resilience against large-scale earthquakes in Japan. Method. The paper clarifies the theoretical advantages of S&G in enhancing community resilience in coping and adaptive capacity plus proposes a conceptual contribution framework of S&G in improving community resilience. Based on this framework, the paper analyzes some major games that tackle community resilience against earthquakes in Japan. Results. The paper demonstrates the achievements through the S&G spectrum that stresses the disastrous experience with specific resilience views on one side, while decision making for critical reflection from other players with more comprehensive resilience views on the other side. Conclusion. The paper showcases the current S&G achievements in enhancing community resilience against large-scale earthquakes in Japan using the proposed framework, which can be utilized by other disaster-prone countries to develop and evaluate applications of S&G for increasing community resilience against earthquakes.

Community Preparedness Education and Training Program in Facing Earthquake Disasters: literatur review

“…Research conducted in Japan using the S&G (Simulation and Gaming) method resulted in an increase in community resilience to large-scale earthquakes in Japan with a significant value of resilience increasing in the event of an earthquake (Toyoda, 2020). Research conducted in Iran using lecture, question and answer and group discussion methods, showed that the knowledge in the intervention group increased compared to the control group with p<0.001 (Amini et al, 2021).…”

“…Securing furniture, providing food and water, finding designated evacuation centers, preparing emergency equipment, discussing disaster planning with family members, seeking help from neighborhood residents and vice versa in times of disaster (Arulmohi et al, 2017). Knowledge of best indoor evacuation or self-rescue practices and self-efficacy in the face of earthquake emergencies to anticipate and mitigate impacts, restoring people's lives by quickly managing shelters (Feng et al, 2020;Gampell et al, 2021;Toyoda, 2020). Places that can be used to protect themselves in the event of an indoor earthquake, how to manage anxiety in the event of an earthquake and (3) First aid in the event of an earthquake with steps to avoid physical injury by avoiding dangerous items that are passed by when escaping if an earthquake occurs (Li et al, 2017).…”

Design of an Impulse-Debriefing-Spiral for Simulation Game Facilitation

“…Following Bekebrede (2010) and Toyoda (2020), a gaming session consists of 1) a briefing, 2) game play, and 3) a debriefing -with some possible feedback loops and iterative steps in between. In addition to this, a debriefing can be described as a micromacro-cycle model (Kern, 2003) in which a simulation game is understood as one intervention next to other possibilities.…”

Survey paper: achievements and perspectives of community resilience approaches to societal systems

“…Shifting community resilience to an analytical level, Toyoda (2020) demonstrated that resilience can be viewed from three perspectives: stability (absorption), recovery (bouncing back), and transformation (adaptability). Recovery rarely occurs in the direction of a preexisting state, therefore, necessitating some consideration for regaining life functions as exhibited by one's experiences in evacuation shelters.…”