A framework for the definition of standardized protocols for measuring upper-extremity kinematics

Rigid and Elastic taping changes scapular kinematics and pain in subjects with shoulder impingement syndrome; an experimental study

“…Humerothoracic angles were calculated using Euler angle rotations in the sequence of x-z'-y'' abduction, flexion and axial rotation for elevations in the scapular plane and in the sequence of z-x'-y'' flexion, abduction and axial rotation for elevations in the sagittal plane [Kontaxis et al, 2009]. Scapulothoracic rotations were calculated in the sequence of y-x'-z'' internal rotation, upward rotation and tilt.…”

“…This is in part because of the difficulties involved in obtaining in-vivo measurements of the scapular movement [Hill et al, 2007, Kontaxis et al, 2009. Recently, a number of studies have developed methods to obtain scapular kinematics in-vivo with relatively high accuracies [Brochard et al, 2011, Prinold et al, 2011, Shaheen et al, 2011a, Shaheen et al, 2011b, Warner et al, 2012.…”

Quantifying Elbow Extension and Elbow Hyperextension in Cricket Bowling: A case study of Jenny Gunn

“…Such a choice of axes needs to be made whether (a) these axes are calculated directly from a marker system as in this study or (b) a marker system based on minimal marker movement is used to determine technical axes and then a conversion is made to the above anatomical system (Kontaxis et al, 2009). The use of anatomical axes based upon the underlying bony structure may be appropriate for clinical applications but is inappropriate for bowling due to the discrepancy in what constitutes a "straight" arm or "upper arm horizontal" compared with an umpire's visual judgement.…”

Shoulder biomechanics: today’s consensus and tomorrow’s perspectives

“…In particular, there seems to be the possibility to define a limited number of standardized protocols addressing questions of comparable content. As a consequence of the discussions during the meeting, a first effort has been made to set a common language for this purpose [10]. In our opinion, a standard protocol should include a clear definition of the (1) clinical questions for which it is suitable, (2) joints and segments of interest, (3) mechanical model assumed for the joints and segments, (4) anatomical and functional coordinate systems, (5) marker-set or sensors placement, (6) set of activities to be performed by the subjects and guidelines for their execution, (7) kinematics optimizations, data processing and presentation.…”