Abstract:Shoulder biomechanics is a fast growing field, which is progressively expanding its focus to include more applied research. The papers included in this Special Issue confirm this trend. After a classification of the papers as dealing with fundamental or applied research through theoretical or experimental methods, in this Editorial we tried to summarize the elements of consensus and the open issues discussed during the last International Shoulder Group meeting, held in Bologna (Italy) in 2008.
“…1) which is considered the silver standard (best available treatment) in literature (Cutti and Veeger, 2009). Children carried out successive static postures of the arm at different angles of arm elevation (every 201 from 01 to maximum) twice in flexion and abduction.…”
Section: Set Up and Metrological Assessmentmentioning
“…1) which is considered the silver standard (best available treatment) in literature (Cutti and Veeger, 2009). Children carried out successive static postures of the arm at different angles of arm elevation (every 201 from 01 to maximum) twice in flexion and abduction.…”
Section: Set Up and Metrological Assessmentmentioning
“…In most of AMC-based studies [13][14][15][16][17], the scapula kinematics, derived by manually pointing the anatomical landmarks by means of a specifically designed scapula locator during static measurements [21,22], was used as reference for the assessment of the accuracy of the proposed method. However, it is generally agreed that quasistatic measurements combined with the use of the scapula locator are a ''silver standard,'' since they are prone to errors caused by the anatomical landmark identification procedure and the presence of soft tissue artifacts [13,15,23].…”
Several studies have recently investigated how the implementations of acromion marker clusters (AMCs) method and stereo-photogrammetry affect the estimates of scapula kinematics. However, in the large majority of these studies, the accuracy assessment of the scapular kinematics obtained with AMCs was carried out through a comparative evaluation using a scapula locator that is prone to error. The present study assesses AMC accuracy based on best practice recommendations, both with single and double anatomical calibration implementations, during several passive shoulder movements. Experiments were carried out on three cadaveric specimens. The scapula motion was acquired with a stereo-photogrammetric system using intra-cortical pins. When the scapula kinematics was estimated using an AMC combined with a single anatomical calibration, the accuracy was highly dependent on the specimen and the type of motion (maximum errors between -6.2°and 44.8°) and the scapular motion was generally overestimated. Moreover, with this implementation, scapular orientation errors increased for shoulder configurations distant from the reference shoulder configuration chosen for the calibration procedure. The double calibration implementation greatly improved the estimate of the scapular kinematics for all specimens and types of motion (maximum errors between -1.0°and 14.2°). The double anatomical calibration implementation should be preferred since it reduces the kinematics errors to levels which are acceptable in most clinical applications.
“…Though MBEC is a "general" biomedical engineering journal, the editors foster publishing of special thematic issues, e.g. on Microbubbles [15], Shoulder Biomechanics [16] or Neurodynamic Insight into Functional Connectivity and Cognition [17]. On yearly basis, the Journal awards the best paper published in MBEC the Nightingale Prize [18,19].…”
Biomedical Engineering -Past, Present, FutureMedicine and health care have changed dramatically in the past few decades and they depend on high technology for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases, and for patient rehabilitation. Modern biomedical research and health care are provided by multidisciplinary teams in which biomedical engineers contribute to the advancement of knowledge equally as medical professions. Biomedical engineering represents one (out of two) the most rapidly growing branches of industry in the developed world [1] (the other are sustainable and renewable energy sources). The new knowledge gained by basic biomedical engineering research (at gene, molecular, cellular, organ and system level) has high impact on the growth of new medical products and boosts industries, including small and medium size enterprises (SMEs). SMEs are expected to bring to the market new products and services for health care delivery [2]. Health is the major theme of the specific Programme on Cooperation under the European Seventh Framework Programme, with a total budget of e6.1 billion over the duration of FP7. The objective of health research under FP7 is to improve the health of European citizens and stir up the competitiveness of health-related industries and businesses, while addressing global health issues, life improving and develop life saving technologies. Hospitals and other medical institutions have a commitment to take care of all kinds of high technology devices including the hospital information systems, networks and their safety and security. Growing technological participation in health services enforces the support of technologically specialized personnel, trained clinical engineers. Worldwide, the educational system has adopted the curricula of biomedical engineering and of clinical engineering. Professional organizations are building certification system for biomedical and clinical engineers and the continuous education (life long learning) structures. The development of biomedical engineering and its affirmation has mainly appeared in the last 50 years, first as a result of development in electronic industry while later it started developing at its own pace. In the first part of this paper, we address the development of biomedical engineering in that period and present our views on the development of biomedical engineering in the future. The second part is devoted to the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering (IFMBE), the largest organization of biomedical engineers in the world which celebrated its 50th anniversary in 2009. In the third part, we recall our memories to the founder of biomedical engineering in Croatia, prof. Ante Šantić and his achievements in biomedical engineering, and present the state of art of biomedical engineering research and education in Croatia.
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