“…Regarding the transduction principles, biosensors can be classified into three main class as optic [17,18,19], electrochemical [20,21,22], and piezoelectric [23,24,25,26]. Over the previous two decades, biosensors have turned out to be important to detect distinctive analytes, for example, explosives [27,28], proteins [29,30], nucleic acids [31,32], cancer biomarkers [33,34], bacteria [35,36], viruses [37,38], and toxins [39,40] in food processing [41], environmental monitoring [42], clinical diagnostics [43,44] and the fight against bioterrorism [45].…”